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Topic Review
Eckols: Potential Cancer Therapies
In recent years, an increased interest in marine macroalgae bioactive compounds has been recorded due to their benefits to human health and welfare. Several of their bioactivities have been demonstrated, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antibacterial and antiviral behavior.However, there is still lacking a clear definition to how these compounds exert their bioactive properties. Of all bioactive compounds from marine macroalgae, attention has been focused on phenolic compounds, specifically in phlorotannins, due to their potential for biomedical applications. Phlorotannins are a diverse and wide group of phenolic compounds, with several structural variations with base in the monomer phloroglucinol. Of all the diverse phlorotannins structures, eckol-family of phlorotannins demonstrates remarkable bioactivity, especially regarding anti-tumoral properties.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Metabolomics-Microbiome Crosstalk in Breast Cancer Microenvironment
The human microbiome is defined as the full array of the diverse microorganisms (microbiota) that live on and in humans, as well as their genetic materials. It is considered one of the leading environmental factors in disease development, with Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria dominant species. Human microbiota manifestation is influenced by multiple environmental and physiological changes, including age, sex, race, geography, diet, host genetics and lifestyle, drugs like antibiotics, and interaction with the immune system and metabolic pathway.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Biomarker for Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer has the most rapidly increasing incidence rate among all major cancers, with a triple increase from 4.5 to 14.4 per 100,000 population during 1974–2013. It was estimated 52,890 new cases in the United States in 2020 and contributed to 0.36% of all cancer deaths. Most primary thyroid cancers are follicular cell-derived epithelial tumors, making up four main pathological carcinoma types: papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC).
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The tumor microenvironment
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and continuously evolving milieu composed of a heterogeneous assemblage of distinct cancer cells and host cells, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), endothelial cells, pericytes, immune cells, and extracellular matrix components that constitute the tumor parenchyma and tumor stroma (Beury et al., 2014; Hanahan and Weinberg, 2011). These various cell types exhibit an extensive and reciprocal crosstalk that dynamically regulates the phenotype and function of the individual cells within the TME (Haist et al., 2021). Tumor growth and mechanisms of tumor resistance are profoundly influenced by this relationship of cancer cells with their surrounding environment, making the TME an active promotor of cancer progression. 
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Carbonic Anhydrase IX for Cancer Immunotherapy
Carbonic anhydrases are metalloenzymes that reversibly catalyze the hydration of carbon dioxide, generating bicarbonate ions and protons. Several tumors, such as clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), glioblastoma, triple-negative breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal, and others overexpress carbonic anhydrase isoform IX (CAIX). The CAIX enzyme is constitutively overexpressed in the vast majority of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and can also be induced in hypoxic microenvironments, a major hallmark of most solid tumors. CAIX expression is restricted to a few sites in healthy tissues, positioning this molecule as a strategic target for cancer immunotherapy.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Online Adaptive Radiotherapy in Treating Gynecologic Cancers
Online adaptive radiation is a new and exciting modality of treatment for gynecologic cancers. Traditional radiation treatments deliver the same radiation plan to cancers with large margins. Improvements in imaging, technology, and artificial intelligence have made it possible to account for changes between treatments and improve the delivery of radiation. These advances can potentially lead to significant benefits in tumor coverage and normal tissue sparing. Gynecologic cancers can uniquely benefit from this technology due to the significant changes in bladder, bowel, and rectum between treatments as well as the changes in tumors commonly seen between treatments. Preliminary studies have shown that online adaptive radiation can maintain coverage of the tumor while sparing nearby organs. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
HER2 Status in the Biliary Tract Cancers
Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is traditionally known as being hard to treat with a poor prognosis. State-of-the-art genomic technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) revolutionized cancer management and shed light on the genomic landscape of BTCs. There are ongoing clinical trials to assess the efficacy of HER2-blocking antibodies or drug conjugates in BTCs with HER2 amplifications. 
  • 1.0K
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Dissecting Microbiome-Derived SCFAs in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be the most diagnosed cancer and the second primary cause of fatalities in men globally. There is an abundance of scientific evidence suggesting that the human microbiome, together with its metabolites, plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis and has a significant impact on the efficacy of anticancer interventions in solid and hematological cancers.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Theranostic Nanomaterials in Cancer
As the combination of therapies enhances the performance of biocompatible materials in cancer treatment, theranostic therapies are attracting increasing attention rather than individual approaches.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Large Language Model-Enabled Medical Chatbots
The trajectory of artificial intelligence (AI) development spans decades, with machine learning (ML) emerging as a pivotal force in propelling AI’s evolution. The adoption of AI and ML in the medical field has experienced significant growth, particularly in ML-enabled medical devices. Chatbots, AI-driven conversational agents prevalent in online interactions, have found extensive utility in disseminating healthcare information and enhancing customer services. These features encompass accurate information retrieval, symptom assessment, and diagnosis support to help in understanding and addressing health concerns. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sleep Disturbances in Pediatric Cancer Patients
Sleep disturbances represent an understudied yet common source of distress among pediatric cancer patients and survivors, with deleterious effects on quality of life. Sleep issues stem from multiple risk factors, yet individual contributors are difficult to isolate, consequently impeding the identification of targets for intervention.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial elements that sustain the communication between tumor cells and their microenvironment, and have emerged as a widespread mechanism of tumor formation and metastasis. In obesity, the adipose tissue becomes hypertrophic and hyperplastic, triggering increased production of pro-inflammatory adipokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, interleukin 1, and leptin.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The Role of Biomarkers in Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy arising from the adrenal cortex often with unexpected biological behavior. It can occur at any age, with two peaks of incidence: in the first and between fifth and seventh decades of life. Although ACC are mostly hormonally active, precursors and metabolites, rather than end products of steroidogenesis are produced by dedifferentiated and immature malignant cells.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Endometrial Cancer Racial Disparity
In contrast to the decline in incidence and mortality of most other cancers, these rates are rising for endometrial cancer. Black women with endometrial cancer have an earlier diagnosis, more aggressive histology, advanced stage, and worse outcomes compared with their White counterparts. Socioeconomic status, a higher incidence of aggressive histology, and comorbid conditions are known factors leading to racial disparity in patients with endometrial cancer; nevertheless, they do not account for the entire racial disparity, which emphasizes the roles of molecular, histopathological and genetic factors. 
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Oncology
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, after cardiovascular diseases. Increasing patients’ awareness and providing easier access to public information result in greater interest in alternative anticancer or unproven supportive therapies. Fear of cancer and limited trust in the treating physician are also important reasons leading patients to seek these methods. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), as opposed to evidence-based medicine (EBM), is not grounded in well-designed clinical studies, and thus may not be effective or may even harm patients. Complementary medicine is used in addition to standard medicine, whereas alternative medicine is used in lieu of standard methods. Patients diagnosed with cancer are frequently confused due to the unpredictability of the situation, stress, and fear of the future of themselves and their families. The willingness to actively participate in the therapeutic process may prompt them to seek allegedly effective CAM options. Patients attempt these methods to increase treatment efficacy, alleviate treatment side effects, or improve their physical and mental condition.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer type and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Breast cancer is fairly heterogeneous and reveals six molecular subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER2+, basal-like subtype (ER−, PR−, and HER2−), normal breast-like, and claudin-low. Breast cancer screening and early diagnosis play critical roles in improving therapeutic outcomes and prognosis. Mammography is currently the main commercially available detection method for breast cancer; however, it has numerous limitations. Therefore, reliable noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are required. Biomarkers used in cancer range from macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, to whole cells. Biomarkers for cancer risk, diagnosis, proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and prognosis have been identified in breast cancer. In addition, there is currently a greater demand for personalized or precise treatments; moreover, the identification of novel biomarkers to further the development of new drugs is urgently needed.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Radiotherapy Considerations for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Radiotherapy is the primary treatment modality for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Successful curative treatment requires optimal radiotherapy planning and precise beam delivery that maximizes locoregional control while minimizing treatment-related side effects.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor DNA in Gastrointestinal Cancers
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers appear as major health burdens worldwide with high incidences and mortality rates. For these cancers, stage at diagnosis remains the most important prognostic factor for clinical outcome. However, the emergence of simple and reproducible biomarkers is needed for the management of these diseases along their evolution.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Colorectal cancer and bone tissue
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. There is a need for the early diagnosis of CRC for a better prognostic outcome. It is, therefore, crucial to understand the CRC pathogenesis in all its aspects. In many cases, one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths is the presence of metastases. In this context, an often overlooked aspect is the metastatic tropism, since CRC, like other cancers, is more prone to metastasize some organs rather than others. Beyond the liver and lung, and differently from other types of cancers, a not usual site of CRC metastases is the bone. However, it may assume a crucial role in the development and the outcome of the disease. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the complex relations between bone markers and CRC pathogenesis, suggesting the use of these molecules as potential targets for therapeutic purposes. Different osteogenic molecules, some of whom are growth factors and are implicated in the different osteogenic pathways, have been proved to also be involved in CRC progression. Some of them are oncogenes, while others oncosuppressors, and in a future perspective, some of them may represent new potential CRC biomarkers.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the primary cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Although early diagnosis and cancer growth inhibition has significantly improved breast cancer survival rate over the years, there is a current need to develop more effective systemic treatments to prevent metastasis. One of the most commonly altered pathways driving breast cancer cell growth, survival, and motility is the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is a group of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3′-OH group of phosphatidylinositol (PI) at plasma and intracellular membranes. 
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Sep 2021
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