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Topic Review
Immunotherapy of Colorectal Cancer
Immunotherapy has become one of the pillars of treatmemt of Colorectal Cancer. This entry explains what Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors are, how they work and which patients are most likely to benefit from them. You will get an overview of the current (2020) scientific evidence on their efficacy in terms of objective tumor response, progression free survival and overall survival, as well as on safety, adverse effects and potential impact on quality of life indicators. Furthermore, ongoing or planned trials are listed.
  • 590
  • 23 Nov 2020
Topic Review
PyK2-Associated Molecules in Cancer
PyK2 is a member of the proline-rich tyrosine kinase and focal adhesion kinase families and is ubiquitously expressed. PyK2 is mainly activated by stimuli, such as activated Src kinases and intracellular acidic pH. The mechanism of PyK2 activation in cancer cells has been addressed extensively. The acidic milieu is a favorable condition in cancer systems. Various evidence has shown that the activation of PyK2 regulated cancer progression and migration. Thus,  the mechanism of molecular interaction in regulating PyK2 activity in cancer and PyK2-associated strategies against cancer was summarized.
  • 590
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetics in Myeloid Diseases
Mutations in genes encoding chromatin regulators are early events contributing to developing asymptomatic clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential and its frequent progression to myeloid diseases with increasing severity. We focus on the subset of myeloid diseases encompassing myelodysplastic syndromes and their transformation to secondary acute myeloid leukemia. We introduce the major concepts of chromatin regulation that provide the basis of epigenetic regulation. In greater detail, we discuss those chromatin regulators that are frequently mutated in myelodysplastic syndromes. We discuss their role in the epigenetic regulation of normal hematopoiesis and the consequence of their mutation. Finally, we provide an update on the drugs interfering with chromatin regulation approved or in development for myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia.
  • 589
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Dots for Cancer Therapy
Diagnostic approaches and chemotherapeutic delivery based on nanotechnologies, such as nanoparticles (NPs), could be promising candidates for the new era of cancer research. Recently great attention has been received by carbon-based nanomaterials such as Carbon Dots (CDs), due their variegated physical-chemical properties that makes these systems appealing for multiple use from bioimaging, biosensing, nano-carriers for drug delivery systems to innovative therapeutic agents in photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). Numerous researchers evaluated the possible use of CDs as targeted anticancer drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, as well as gene delivery for cancer theranostic.
  • 589
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The HIF-1α and Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is one of the most aggressive tumors in the clinic that is resistant to chemotherapy. Gastric tumors are rich in hypoxic niches, and high expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α is associated with poor prognosis. Hypoxia is the principal architect of the topographic heterogeneity in tumors. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) reinforces all hallmarks of cancer and donates cancer cells with more aggressive characteristics at hypoxic niches. HIF-1α potently induces sustained growth factor signaling, angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and replicative immortality. Hypoxia leads to the selection of cancer cells that evade growth suppressors or apoptotic triggers and deregulates cellular energetics. HIF-1α is also associated with genetic instability, tumor-promoting inflammation, and escape from immunity. 
  • 589
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Precision Medicine for Cancer
The diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as cancer is becoming more accurate and specialized with the advent of precision medicine techniques, research and treatments. Reaching down to the cellular and even sub-cellular level, diagnostic tests can pinpoint specific, individual information from each patient, and guide providers to a more accurate plan of treatment. With this advanced knowledge, researchers and providers can better gauge the effectiveness of drugs, radiation, and other therapies, which is bound to lead to a more accurate, if not more positive, prognosis. As precision medicine becomes more established, new techniques, equipment, materials and testing methods will be required. Herein, we will examine the recent innovations in assays, devices and software, along with next generation sequencing in genomics diagnostics which are in use or are being developed for personalized medicine. So as to avoid duplication and produce the fullest possible benefit, all involved must be strongly encouraged to collaborate, across national borders, public and private sectors, science, medicine and academia alike. In this paper we will offer recommendations for tools, research and development, along with ideas for implementation. We plan to begin with discussion of the lessons learned to date, and the current research on pharmacogenomics. Given the steady stream of advances in imaging mass spectrometry and nanoLC-MS/MS, and use of genomic, proteomic and metabolomics biomarkers to distinguish healthy tissue from diseased cells, there is great potential to utilize pharmacogenomics to tailor a drug or drugs to a particular cohort of patients. Such efforts very well may bring increased hope for small groups of non-responders and those who have demonstrated adverse reactions to current treatments.
  • 588
  • 15 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Inhibitory Checkpoint Receptors
Inhibitory checkpoint receptors play a critical role in immune homeostasis. In health, the expression of checkpoint receptors is upregulated following the activation of antigen specific T-cells to temper the pro-inflammatory response. However, upon prolonged activation with a persisting antigen, such as chronic viral infections or in cancer, checkpoint expression is maintained, and effector T-cells enter a state of 'exhaustion'. Exhausted T-cells demonstrate a progressively reduced proliferative capacity and the loss of effector T-cell functions including the production of inflammatory cytokines and degranulation. Accordingly, there has been a rapid expansion in therapeutic targeting of these checkpoint receptors to reinvigorate the effector functions of exhausted T-cells.
  • 588
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Exosomal microRNA in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive and lethal malignancy mostly due to its late-stage presentation. This malignancy is difficult to diagnose, monitor, and treat, hence the development of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and better therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Several groundbreaking discoveries over the past decade on cancer-associated exosomes demonstrated an association between exosomal miRNA and the development, progression, and therapy-resistance of pancreatic cancer.
  • 588
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
IPSC-Based PDAC Models and Immunotherapies
Advances in the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) using neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy have had minimal impact on the overall survival of patients. A general lack of immunogenic features and a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) are likely culprits for therapy refractoriness in PDAC. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) should be explored as a means to advance the treatment options for PDAC, by providing representative in vitro models of pancreatic cancer development. In addition, iPSCs could be used for tailor-made cellular immunotherapies or as a source of tumor-associated antigens in the context of vaccination.
  • 588
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Arctigenin Enhances the Cytotoxic Effect
Here, we investigated the effect of arctigenin (ATG) on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cell death using MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The results showed that DOX-induced cell death was enhanced by ATG/DOX co-treatment in a concentration-dependent manner and that this was associated with increased DOX uptake and the suppression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) gene expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. ATG enhanced DOX-induced DNA damage and decreased the phosphorylation of STAT3 and the expressions of RAD51 and survivin. Cell death caused by ATG/DOX co-treatment was mediated by the nuclear translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), reductions in cellular and mitochondrial Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and increases in mitochondrial Bax levels. However, caspase-3 and -7 did not participate in DOX/ATG-induced cell death. We also found that DOX/ATG-induced cell death was linked with activation of the p38 signaling pathway and suppressions of the phosphorylations and expressions of Akt and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Taken together, these results show that ATG enhances the cytotoxic activity of DOX in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells by inducing prolonged p21 expression and p38-mediated AIF-dependent cell death. In conclusion, our findings suggest that ATG might alleviate the side effects and improve the therapeutic efficacy of DOX.
  • 587
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Resectable IIIA-N2 NSCLC
Locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer accounts for one third of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at the time of initial diagnosis and presents with a wide range of clinical and pathological heterogeneity. To date, the combined multimodality approach involving both local and systemic control is the gold standard for these patients, since occult distant micrometastatic disease should always be suspected. With the rapid increase in treatment options, the need for an interdisciplinary discussion involving oncologists, surgeons, radiation oncologists and radiologists has become essential. Surgery should be recommended to patients with non-bulky, discrete, or single-level N2 involvement and be included in the multimodality treatment. Resectable stage IIIA patients have been the subject of a number of clinical trials and retrospective analysis, discussing the efficiency and survival benefits on patients treated with the available therapeutic approaches. However, most of them have some limitations due to their retrospective nature, lack of exact pretreatment staging, and the involvement of heterogeneous populations leading to the awareness that each patient should undergo a tailored therapy in light of the nature of his tumor, its extension and his performance statu
  • 587
  • 04 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cells and Radioresistance
The current preclinical and clinical findings demonstrate that, in addition to the conventional clinical and pathological indicators that have a prognostic value in radiation oncology, the number of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their inherent radioresistance are important parameters for local control after radiotherapy.
  • 587
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Targeting Tryptophan Metabolism to Treat Cancers
Major hallmarks of cancers are connected to dysfunctions in many metabolic pathways aiming at providing the energetic needs and the raw material for cellular growth and the signaling molecules needed for oncogenesis. Tryptophan (TRP) catabolism through the kynurenine (KYN) pathway was reported to play immunosuppressive actions across many types of cancer. However, results from clinical trials assessing the benefit of inhibiting key limiting enzymes of this pathway such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) or tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) failed to meet the expectations. Bearing in mind the complexity of the tumoral terrain and the existence of different cancers with IDO1/TDO2 expressing and non-expressing tumoral cells, here we present a comprehensive analysis of the TRP global metabolic hub and the approach of inhibiting these pathways as a potential therapeutic option to treat cancers such as liver cancers. 
  • 587
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Proanthocyanidins and Anthocyanins in Nicotine-Induced NSCLC Treatment
In traditional medicine, different parts of plants, including fruits, have been used for their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Plant-based foods, such as fruits, seeds and vegetables, are used for therapeutic purposes due to the presence of flavonoid compounds. Proanthocyanidins (PCs) and anthocyanins (ACNs) are the major distributed flavonoid pigments in plants, which have therapeutic potential against certain chronic diseases. PCs and ACNs derived from plant-based foods and/or medicinal plants at different nontoxic concentrations have shown anti-non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) activity in vitro/in vivo models through inhibiting proliferation, invasion/migration, metastasis and angiogenesis and by activating apoptosis/autophagy-related mechanisms.
  • 587
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Curcumin as a Chemosensitizer in Conventional Chemotherapy
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) was used for thousands of years in traditional Indian and Eastern Asian medicine. Its cultivation in the Middle East was documented since the 18th century BC in the gardens of Babylon, well before its transfer to Africa, mainly through Arabic influences. To reverse multidrug resistance, curcuminoids can be used in combination with many other drugs as chemosensitizer in cancer chemotherapy.
  • 587
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
HPV+ Non-Oropharyngeal Cancer
HPV status is a well known prognostic factor for oropharyngeal cancer. However, its predictive role has not been proved yet and HPV positive cases are not treated differently outside of a clinical trial. In non-oropharyngeal cancer, the role of HPV status is not entirely clear and results from observational studies are conflicting. 
  • 586
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cripto in scientific literature
Cripto is a small glycosylphosphatidylinisitol (GPI)-anchored and secreted oncofetal protein that plays important roles in regulating normal physiological processes, including stem cell differentiation, embryonal development, and tissue growth and remodeling, as well as pathological processes such as tumor initiation and progression. Cripto functions as a co-receptor for TGF-β ligands such as Nodal, GDF1, and GDF3. Soluble and secreted forms of Cripto also exhibit growth factor-like activity and activate SRC/MAPK/PI3K/AKT pathways. Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 kDa (GRP78) binds Cripto at the cell surface and has been shown to be required for Cripto signaling via both TGF-β and SRC/MAPK/PI3K/AKT pathways.
  • 586
  • 19 Oct 2020
Topic Review
CeRNAs-Mediated Autophagy
Chemoresistance and metastasis are the main malignant features in cancer, resulting the unfavorable outcome. Accumulating evidence suggest dyregulated autophagy contributes to resistance to conventional therapy and metastasis which can be regulated by lncRNAs, circRNAs and miRNAs. Autophagy consists of a cascade of steps controlled by different autophagy related genes that can be regulated those ncRNAs. The lncRNAs, circRNAs, miRNAs, mRNAs compromised competing endogenous RNA network and participate in carcinogenesis. Here, we attempt to review the role of ceRNAs in cancer metastasis and chemoresistance through autophagy regulation.
  • 585
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Therapeutic Potential of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) originates from interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in the myenteric plexus of the gastrointestinal tract. Most GISTs arise due to mutations of KIT and PDGFRA gene activation, encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). The clinical use of the RTK inhibitor imatinib has significantly improved the management of GIST patients; however, imatinib resistance remains a challenge. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a critical survival pathway for cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy and translation in neoplasms. Constitutive autophosphorylation of RTKs has an impact on the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In several preclinical and early-stage clinical trials PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling inhibition has been considered as a promising targeted therapy strategy for GISTs. Various inhibitory drugs targeting different parts of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway are currently being investigated in phase I and phase II clinical trials. This review highlights the progress for PI3K/AKT/mTOR-dependent mechanisms in GISTs, and explores the relationship between mTOR downstream signals, in particular, eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) and the development of GISTs, which may be instrumental for identifying novel therapeutic targets.
  • 585
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Thermometric Parameters to Guide Hyperthermia Treatment
Hyperthermia (HT) is a cancer treatment modality which targets malignant tissues by heating to 40–43 °C. In addition to its direct antitumor effects, HT potently sensitizes the tumor to radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT), thereby enabling complete eradication of some tumor entities as shown in randomized clinical trials. Thermometric parameters of HT are considered to have potential as predictive factors of treatment response.
  • 585
  • 21 Feb 2022
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