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Biography
Harold Horton Sheldon
Harold Horton Sheldon (April 13, 1893 – December 23, 1964) was a Canadian-American physicist, scientist, inventor, teacher, editor and author. He was a science editor who wrote on futuristic subjects, especially pertaining to human space travel.[1][2] Sheldon was born on April 13, 1893 and raised in Brockville, Ontario.[3] His parents were Harvey Sheldon and Mary Christian (Laqeau) Sheldo
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics
Eco-evolutionary dynamics refers to the reciprocal effects that ecology and evolution have on each other. The effects of ecology on evolutionary processes are commonly observed in studies, but the realization that evolutionary changes can be rapid led to the emergence of eco-evolutionary dynamics. The idea that evolutionary processes can occur quickly and on one timescale with ecological processes led scientists to begin studying the influence evolution has on ecology along with the affects ecology has on evolution. Recent studies have documented eco-evolutionary dynamics and feedback, which is the cyclic interaction between evolution and ecology, in natural and laboratory systems at different levels of biological organization, such as populations, communities, and ecosystems.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Design Considerations for Brain-on-a-Chip Models
Building microfluidic Brain-on-a-Chip (BoC) models from the ground-up will allow for research questions to be answered more thoroughly in the brain research field, but the design of these devices requires several choices to be made throughout the design development phase. These considerations include the cell types, extracellular matrix (ECM) material(s), and perfusion/flow considerations. Choices made early in the design cycle will dictate the limitations of the device and influence the end-point results such as the permeability of the endothelial cell monolayer, and the expression of cell type-specific markers. 
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Numerical Abilities in Fish
Encoding of numerical information has been shown to provide several advantages to animal species, including those which are more evolutionary distant to humans, such as fish. Recently, we combined behavioral tasks with molecular biology assays (e.g c-fos and egr1 and other early genes expression) showing that the thalamus and the caudal region of dorso-central part of the telencephalon seem to be activated upon change in numerousness in visual stimuli. In contrast, the retina and the optic tectum mainly responded to changes in continuous magnitude such as stimulus size. 
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease
Investigations of the effect of antioxidants on idiopathic Parkinson’s disease have been unsuccessful because the preclinical models used to propose these clinical studies do not accurately represent the neurodegenerative process of the disease. Treatment with certain exogenous neurotoxins induces massive and extremely rapid degeneration; for example, MPTP causes severe Parkinsonism in just three days, while the degenerative process of idiopathic Parkinson´s disease proceeds over many years. The endogenous neurotoxin aminochrome seems to be a good alternative target since it is formed in the nigrostriatal system neurons where the degenerative process occurs.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
List of Invasive Species in North America
This is a list of invasive species in North America. A species is regarded as invasive if it has been introduced by human action to a location, area, or region where it did not previously occur naturally (i.e., is not a native species), becomes capable of establishing a breeding population in the new location without further intervention by humans, and becomes a pest in the new location, directly threatening human industry, such as agriculture, or the local biodiversity. The term invasive species refers to a subset of those species defined as introduced species. If a species has been introduced, but remains local, and is not problematic for human industry or the local biodiversity, then it is not considered invasive, and does not belong on this list.
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  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Extremophiles in Biotechnology
Extremophiles in biotechnology is the application of organisms that thrive in extreme environments to biotechnology. Extremophiles are organisms that thrive in the most volatile environments on the planet and it is due to their talents that they haven begun playing a large role in biotechnology. These organisms live everywhere from environments of high acidity or salinity to areas with limited or no oxygen are places they call home. Scientists show keen interest in organisms with rare or strange talents and in the past 20-30 years extremophiles have been at the forefront with thousands of researchers delving into their abilities. The area in which there has been the most talk, research, and development in relation to these organisms is biotechnology. Scientists around the globe are either extracting DNA to modify genomes or directly using extremophiles to complete tasks. Thanks to the discovery and interest in these organisms the enzymes used in PCR were found, making the rapid replication of DNA in the lab possible. Since they gained the spotlight researchers have been amassing databases of genome data for the hopes that new traits and abilities can be used to further biotechnical advancements Everything from the biodegradation of waste to the production of new fuels is on the horizon with the developments made in the field of biotechnology. There are many different kinds of extremophiles with each kind favoring a different environment. These organisms have become more and more important to biotechnology as their genomes have been uncovered, revealing a plethora of genetic potential. Currently the main uses of extremophiles lies in processes such as PCR, biofuel generation and biomining, but there are many other smaller scale operations at play. There are also labs that have identified what they wish to do with extremophiles, but haven't been able to fully achieve their goals. While these large scale goals have not yet been met the scientific community is working towards their completion in hope of creating new technologies and processes.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Biography
Ru Chih C Huang
Ru Chih Huang (born 1932) is a biology professor at Johns Hopkins University. She is a biochemist who worked with James F. Bonner and Doug Fambrough to characterize and discern functions for nuclear histones in the early 1960s when the field lacked a consensus on types and functions of individual histone proteins.[1][2][3] Later she made discoveries about the molecular biology of cancer[4] and o
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Biography
Felix Pirani
Felix Arnold Edward Pirani (2 February 1928 – 31 December 2015) was a British theoretical physicist specialising in gravitational physics and general relativity.[1][2][3] Pirani and Hermann Bondi wrote a series of articles (1959 to 1989) that established the existence of plane wave solutions for gravitational waves based on general relativity.[2][4][5][6][7][8] During the last half of the 20t
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Biography
Robert Brattain
R. Robert Brattain (May 21, 1911 – November 17, 2002) was an American physicist at Shell Development Company. He was involved in a number of secret projects during World War II. He is recognized as one of America’s leading infrared spectroscopists for his work in designing several models of spectrophotometer, and for using the infrared spectrophotometer to determine the β-lactam structure o
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Biography
Chester Floyd Carlson
Chester Floyd Carlson (February 8, 1906 – September 19, 1968) was an American physicist, inventor, and patent attorney born in Seattle, Washington. He is best known for having invented the process of electrophotography, which produced a dry copy rather than a wet copy, as was produced by the mimeograph process. Carlson's process was subsequently renamed xerography, a term that literally means
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Biography
Charles H. Holbrow
Charles H. Holbrow (born September 23, 1935) is an American physicist. Charles Howard Holbrow was born in Melrose, Massachusetts to parents Frederick Holbrow and Florence Louisa (Gile) Holbrow.[1] His earliest memory of interest in physics dates from about age 13, when he saved the money he earned delivering newspapers to buy a book by Robert Andrews Millikan, Electrons (+And -) Protons Photo
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Central Role of Gut Microbiota in COVID-19
Alteration in gut microbiota has been observed in COVID-19 patients. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, the researchers outlined three potential interconnected pathways leading to gut dysbiosis as an adverse outcome following SARS-CoV-2 presence in the gastrointestinal tract.
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  • 04 Oct 2022
Biography
Alicia Oshlack
Alicia Yinema Kate Nungarai Oshlack[1][2][3] is an Australian bioinformatician and is Head of Bioinformatics at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute at the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. She is best known for her work developing methods for the analysis of transcriptome data[4] as a measure of gene expression. She has characterized the role of gene expression i
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Vilevolodon
Vilevolodon is an extinct, monotypic genus of volant, arboreal euharamiyids from the Oxfordian age of the Late Jurassic of China. The type species is Vilevolodon diplomylos. The genus name Vilevolodon references its gliding capabilities, Vilevol (Latin for “glider”), while don (Greek for “tooth”) is a common suffix for mammalian taxon titles. The species name diplomylos refers to the dual mortar-and-pestle occlusion of upper and lower molars observed in the holotype; diplo (Greek for “double”), mylos (Greek for “grinding”). Vilevolodon is known from the Tiaojishan Formation in Qinglong County, China. Due to its unique combination of characters, Vilevolodon provides additional evidence to an increasingly complex scope of mammalian morphology and niche inhabitation. As the volant herbivorous lifestyle is previously only known from therian gliders, Vilevolodon stands as evidence of locomotor convergence, as well as mammaliaform evolutionary experimentation during the Jurassic. Along with Maiopatagium, Vilevolodon represents the most primitive known gliders in mammalian evolution, appearing approximately 100 million years before the earliest known therian gliders.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Biography
Gennadi Strekalov
Gennadi Mikhailovich Strekalov (Russian: Генна́дий Миха́йлович Стрека́лов), 26 October 1940 – 25 December 2004,[1] was an engineer, cosmonaut, and administrator at Russian aerospace firm RSC Energia. He flew into space five times and lived aboard the Salyut 6, Salyut 7, and Mir space stations, spending over 268 days in space. The catastrophic explosion of a Soyuz
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Biography
Lenny Lipton
Leonard "Lenny" Lipton (born May 18, 1940, Brooklyn, New York) is an author, filmmaker and inventor. At age 19, Lipton wrote the poem that became the basis for the lyrics to the song "Puff the Magic Dragon". He went on to write books on independent filmmaking and become a pioneer in the field of projected three-dimensional imagery. His technology is used to show 3D films on more than 25,000 thea
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Biography
Jacques Mehler
Jacques Mehler (17 August 1936 – 11 February 2020) was a cognitive psychologist specializing in language acquisition.[1][2][3][4] Mehler studied chemistry and obtained his Licenciatura en Ciencias Quimicas at the Universidad de Buenos Aires from 1952 to 1958. After that, he went to Oxford University and University College of London where he obtained his B. Sc. degree in 1959. From 1961 to 1
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Twenty-Four-Hour Intakes of Macronutrients and Infant Body Composition
Intakes of human milk components have been associated with infant body composition, which is likely partially implicated in the reduced risk of developing childhood obesity among breastfed infants.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Actinic Cheilitis
Actinic cheilitis is cheilitis (lip inflammation) caused by long term sunlight exposure. Essentially it is a burn, and a variant of actinic keratosis which occurs on the lip. It is a premalignant condition, as it can develop into squamous cell carcinoma (a type of mouth cancer).
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Nov 2022
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