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Topic Review
Vitamin D and Diseases in KSA and UAE
Accumulating evidence supports the potential protective effects of vitamin D against chronic diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, autoimmune diseases, cancers, cardiovascular disease (ischaemic heart disease and stroke), type 2 diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, stroke, and infectious diseases such as acute respiratory tract diseases, COVID-19, influenza, and pneumonia, as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes. The respective evidence is based on ecological and observational studies, randomized controlled trials, mechanistic studies, and Mendelian randomization studies. However, randomized controlled trials on vitamin D supplementation have largely failed to show benefits, probably due to poor design and analysis.
  • 839
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cisplatin-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent that is widely used to treat various types of cancers. However, its side effects, most commonly nausea and vomiting, limit its widespread use. Although various drugs, such as ondansetron and aprepitant, are used to alleviate these side effects, their efficacy is still debated. 
  • 836
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Whole-Person Approach to Urinary Tract Infection
Urobiome dysbiosis, defined as an imbalance in the microbial composition in the microenvironments along the urinary tract, is found in women with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI). Historically, antibiotics have been used to address UTI. An alternative approach to uncomplicated UTI is warranted as the current paradigm fails to take urobiome dysbiosis into account and contributes to the communal problem of resistance. A whole-person, multi-modal approach that addresses vaginal and urinary tract dysbiosis may be more effective in reducing recurrent UTI.
  • 832
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Essential Oils as Potential Anti-Influenza Agents
Essential oils (EOs) are chemical substances, mostly produced by aromatic plants in response to stress, that have a history of medicinal use for many diseases. In the past, EOs have continued to gain more attention because of their proven therapeutic applications against the flu and other infectious diseases. Influenza (flu) is an infectious zoonotic disease that affects the lungs and their associated organs. It is a public health problem with a huge health burden, causing a seasonal outbreak every year. Occasionally, it comes as a disease pandemic with unprecedentedly high hospitalization and mortality. Influenza is managed by vaccination and antiviral drugs such as Amantadine, Rimantadine, Oseltamivir, Peramivir, Zanamivir, and Baloxavir. However, the adverse side effects of these drugs, the rapid and unlimited variabilities of influenza viruses, and the emerging resistance of new virus strains to the currently used vaccines and drugs have necessitated the need to obtain more effective anti-influenza agents.
  • 831
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy of Pancreatic Cancer
Immunotherapy is a novel anti-cancer method which employs a different mechanism to conventional treatment. It has become a significant strategy because it provides a better or an alternative option for cancer patients. The development of immunotherapy should focus on the discovery of biomarkers to screen suitable patients, new targets on tumors, neoadjuvant immunotherapy and the combination of immunotherapy with conventional therapeutic methods. 
  • 811
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Isorhamnetin on Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 (T2DM), is a major public health problem globally. DM is characterized by high levels of glycemia and insulinemia due to impaired insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity of the cells, known as insulin resistance. T2DM causes multiple and severe complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy causing cell oxidative damages in different internal tissues, particularly the pancreas, heart, adipose tissue, liver, and kidneys. Isorhamnetin, a plant flavonoid, has long been studied for its potential anti-diabetic effects. Isorhamnetin is a monomethoxyflavone or an O-methylated flavonol from the class of flavonoids. It is quercetin in which a methoxy group replaces the hydroxy group at position 3’. Some isorhamnetin derivatives are present in nature, such as isorhamnetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside from Calendula officinalis L.. Isorhamnetin presents significant biological properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects.
  • 805
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Phytochemicals as Antimicrobials
Among all available antimicrobials, antibiotics hold a prime position in the treatment of infectious diseases. However, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has posed a serious threat to the effectiveness of antibiotics, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and escalation in healthcare costs causing a global health crisis. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in global healthcare setups have accelerated the development and spread of AMR, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, which further limits treatment options. This creates a critical need to explore alternative approaches to combat bacterial infections. Phytochemicals have gained attention as a potential source of alternative medicine to address the challenge of AMR. Phytochemicals are structurally and functionally diverse and have multitarget antimicrobial effects, disrupting essential cellular activities.
  • 791
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Intestinal Microbiome in Constipation
The gut microbiota represents a community of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoa) that colonize the gut and are responsible for gut mucosal structural integrity and immune and metabolic homeostasis. The relationship between the gut microbiome and human health has been intensively researched in the past years. The gut microbial population plays a key role in intestinal motility, and dysbiosis has been correlated with chronic constipation.
  • 788
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Nigella sativa on Obesity
Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic and its prevalence continues to increase at an alarming rate. It is considered a major risk factor for the development of several comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, stroke, other cardiovascular diseases and even cancer. Conventional treatments for obesity, such as dietary interventions, exercise and pharmacotherapy, have proven to have limited effectiveness and are often associated with undesirable side effects. Therefore, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative therapeutic approaches. Nigella sativa (NS), a medicinal plant with multiple pharmacological properties, has gained attention due to its potential role in the treatment of obesity and its associated complications. 
  • 770
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Leveraging Exosomes against Th17 Cell Catastrophe
Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles that can act as biological messengers between cells, in the context of health and disease. In comparison to several lab-based drug carriers, exosome exhibits high stability, accommodates diverse cargo loads, elicits low immunogenicity and toxicity, and therefore manifests tremendous perspectives in the development of therapeutics. The efforts made to spur exosomes in drugging the untreatable targets are encouraging. T helper (Th) 17 cells are considered the most prominent factor in the establishment of autoimmunity and several genetic disorders.
  • 768
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Obesity Treating Natural Products
Obesity is a global issue faced by many individuals worldwide. However, no drug has a pronounced effect with few side effects. Green tea, a well-known natural product, shows preventive effects against obesity by decreasing lipogenesis and increasing fat oxidation and antioxidant capacity. In contrast, other natural products are known to contribute to obesity. The natural products were classified as single compounds, foods, teas, fruits, herbal medicines—single extract, herbal medicines—decoction, and herbal medicines—external preparation. Then, the mechanisms of these medicines were organized into lipid metabolism, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, appetite loss, and thermogenesis. This research aimed to assess the efficacy and mechanisms of effective natural products in managing obesity. Several clinical studies reported that natural products showed antiobesity effects, including Coffea arabica (coffee), Camellia sinensis (green tea), Caulerpa racemosa (green algae), Allium sativum (garlic), combined Ephedra intermedia Schrenk, Thea sinensis L., and Atractylodes lancea DC extract (known as Gambisan), Ephedra sinica Stapf, Angelica Gigantis Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Coicis semen, Cinnamomi cortex, Paeoniae radixalba, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (known as Euiiyin-tang formula).
  • 762
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Type I Diabetes Pathoetiology and Pathophysiology
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) arises from the failure of pancreatic β-cells to produce adequate insulin, usually as a consequence of extensive pancreatic β-cell destruction. T1DM is classed as an immune-mediated condition. However, the processes that drive pancreatic β-cell apoptosis remain to be determined, resulting in a failure to prevent ongoing cellular destruction. Alteration in mitochondrial function is clearly the major pathophysiological process underpinning pancreatic β-cell loss in T1DM. This entry highlights the role of intercellular interactions among different cell types in pancreatic islets. It is proposed that the pathoetiology of T1DM arises from mitochondrial interactions among different pancreatic cells, leaving pancreatic B-cells with suppressed capacity to induce the mitochondrial melatonergic pathway, with the associated decrease in pancreatic B-cell melatonin leading to suboptimal mitochondrial function and increased oxidative stress that suppresses PINK1/parkin/mitophagy, leading increased major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-1. This results in the chemoattraction of CD8+ T cells and immune-mediated cell destruction. Variations in different gut bacteria and fungi contribute to pancreatic B-cell loss via their impacts on mitochondrial function within the interacting cells of the pancreatic islets. T1DM may therefore be more of a ‘mitochondria/metabolic’ disorder than an ‘autoimmune’ or ‘immune-mediated’ disorder.
  • 759
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Neurodegenerative Disorders Characterized by Mitochondrial Involvement
Neurodegenerative diseases comprise a wide spectrum of pathologies characterized by progressive loss of neuronal functions and structures. Despite having different genetic backgrounds and etiology, many studies have highlighted a point of convergence in the mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration: mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been observed in different pathologies, and their detrimental effects on neurons contribute to the exacerbation of the pathological phenotype at various degrees.
  • 739
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Role of Propolis in Modifying Aging Hallmarks
Aging populations worldwide are placing age-related diseases at the forefront of the research agenda. The therapeutic potential of natural substances, especially propolis and its components, has led to these products being promising agents for alleviating several cellular and molecular-level changes associated with age-related diseases.
  • 734
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome and Herbal Medicine in Metabolic Disorders
Although most common chemical drugs regulate the gut microbiota, the gut microbiota is also known to be involved in drug metabolism, like the host. Interestingly, many traditional herbal medicines and derived compounds are biotransformed by gut microbiota, manipulating the compounds’ effects. Accordingly, the gut microbiota and its specified metabolic pathways can be deemed a promising target for promoting drug efficacy and safety.
  • 712
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Heat-Shock Protein 90 in Cancer
Heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) is an important molecule chaperone associated with tumorigenesis and malignancy. HSP90 is involved in the folding and maturation of a wide range of oncogenic clients, including diverse kinases, transcription factors and oncogenic fusion proteins. Therefore, it could be argued that HSP90 facilitates the malignant behaviors of cancer cells, such as uncontrolled proliferation, chemo/radiotherapy resistance and immune evasion. The extensive associations between HSP90 and tumorigenesis indicate substantial therapeutic potential, and many HSP90 inhibitors have been developed. However, due to HSP90 inhibitor toxicity and limited efficiency, none have been approved for clinical use as single agents.
  • 712
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Curcumin and Latest Cancer Therapy
Curcumin incorporated into nanotechnologies has a higher intracellular absorption, a higher targeting rate, increased toxicity to tumor cells, accelerates the activity of caspases and DNA cleavage, decreases the mitochondrial activity of cancer cells, decreases their viability and proliferation, decreases angiogenesis and, finally, it induces apoptosis. It reduces the size of the primary tumor, reverses the resistance to multidrugs in chemotherapy and decreases the resistance to radiation therapy in neoplasms. Latest curcumin nanoformulations have a huge potential to optimize PDT in cancer therapy, to overcome major side effects, resistance to chemotherapy, relapses and metastases.
  • 707
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Drug Delivery Innovations for Chronic Inflammatory Respiratory Diseases
Chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis, present challenges in terms of effective treatment and management. These diseases are characterized by persistent inflammation in the airways, leading to structural changes and compromised lung function. To achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes while minimizing systemic side effects, targeted therapies and precise drug delivery systems are crucial to the management of these diseases.
  • 665
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Aging Disrupts Circadian Rhythms in Mouse Liver Mitochondria
The circadian clock regulates daily changes in behavioral, endocrine, and metabolic activities in mammals. Circadian rhythms in cellular physiology are significantly affected by aging. Aging induces changes in gene expression levels and rhythms in peripheral and probably central tissues.
  • 662
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Management of Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Adult Patients
Hyperglycemia (blood glucose > 140 mg/dL or 7.8 mmol/L) in hospitalized patients without a history of diabetes is defined as stress hyperglycemia, and is reported in 32.2% of critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs) and 30% of noncritically ill hospitalized patients. Hyperglycemia alters immune response by inhibiting chemotaxis and phagocytosis. It affects the bactericidal ability of immune cells by decreasing the production of superoxide radicals. Hyperglycemia also induces osmotic diuresis, endothelial injury, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which can lead to shock and multiple organ failure in hospitalized patients.
  • 658
  • 18 Oct 2023
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