Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Sanda Maria Cretoiu
 -- 1869 2023-09-22 11:58:04

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Iancu, M.A.; Profir, M.; Roşu, O.A.; Ionescu, R.F.; Cretoiu, S.M.; Gaspar, B.S. The Role of Intestinal Microbiome in Constipation. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/49518 (accessed on 30 June 2024).
Iancu MA, Profir M, Roşu OA, Ionescu RF, Cretoiu SM, Gaspar BS. The Role of Intestinal Microbiome in Constipation. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/49518. Accessed June 30, 2024.
Iancu, Mihaela Adela, Monica Profir, Oana Alexandra Roşu, Ruxandra Florentina Ionescu, Sanda Maria Cretoiu, Bogdan Severus Gaspar. "The Role of Intestinal Microbiome in Constipation" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/49518 (accessed June 30, 2024).
Iancu, M.A., Profir, M., Roşu, O.A., Ionescu, R.F., Cretoiu, S.M., & Gaspar, B.S. (2023, September 22). The Role of Intestinal Microbiome in Constipation. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/49518
Iancu, Mihaela Adela, et al. "The Role of Intestinal Microbiome in Constipation." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 September, 2023.
The Role of Intestinal Microbiome in Constipation
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/microorganisms11092177

The gut microbiota represents a community of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoa) that colonize the gut and are responsible for gut mucosal structural integrity and immune and metabolic homeostasis. The relationship between the gut microbiome and human health has been intensively researched in the past years. The gut microbial population plays a key role in intestinal motility, and dysbiosis has been correlated with chronic constipation.

microbiota microbiome diarrhea constipation probiotic

1. Introduction

Gastrointestinal conditions like diarrhea and constipation represent common health problems around the world. Studies show that both diarrhea and constipation are associated with changes that appear in the gut microbial composition [1][2]. Two interchangeable terms are used in the literature: “microbiota” and “microbiome”. Between the two there are subtle differences, because “microbiota” refers to the entire collection of microbial communities found in a specific habitat (e.g., oral cavity, skin, and intestine), while “microbiome” refers to the entire habitat, including the microbial communities, their genomes, metabolites, and the habitat-specific environmental conditions [3][4][5]. The human gut microbiota is a large micro ecosystem containing millions of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, in perfect equilibrium with the host [6]. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Verrucomicrobiota are the dominant phyla of the gut microbiota, and 90% of the gut microbial composition is represented by the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla [7]. In addition to these microbial communities, the intestinal microbiome also includes the totality of genes present in the environment, plus the pathogens [8][9]. The gut microbiota is subjected to diverse influences like host genetics, age, environment, diet and lifestyle, medication usage, etc. [10][11].
Human health is significantly affected by the “core microbiome” alteration [12]. This core microbiome containing specific taxa common to the majority, if not all humans, is very important for host biological functions such as the fermentation of food, resistance to colonization and protection against pathogens, the stimulation of immune response, and metabolite and vitamin production [13]. Microbial balance (eubyosis) is also of major significance in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier [14].
Any disturbance in the composition of the gut microbiota is regarded as dysbiosis and is associated with increased chances of disease occurrence [15]. Dysbiosis can occur due to several exogenous and endogenous factors like excessive/restrictive diet, medication, and immune system and intestinal mucosa integrity [16][17]. Depending on the severity of the dysbiosis, patients can experience a diverse palette of symptoms, from mild effects like cramps, diarrhea, and constipation to more serious chronic conditions [18][19]. Other common symptoms include chronic fatigue; acid reflux and/or heartburn; food intolerance, gas, and bloating; acne, skin rashes, and even psoriasis; inflammation and aching joints; vaginal or rectal infections or itching; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or issues with concentration; and anxiety or depression [20][21][22]. Dysbiosis has been correlated with a number of conditions like autism, allergic disorders, inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis), acute and chronic pancreatitis, and even colorectal cancer [23][24]. Moreover, dysbiosis has been linked to cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 1 diabetes mellitus [23][25][26][27].

2. Constipation

Chronic constipation is one of the conditions most frequently encountered by gastroenterologists, and it is associated with a negative impact on quality of life [28]. Between 15% and 20% of adults are affected by chronic constipation, and up to 33% of adults over 60 years old experience it [29]. Functional constipation affects children and adults, with important pathophysiological differences between the two groups [30]. A normal whole-intestinal transit time is 30 to 40 h [31]. Chronic constipation is most frequently idiopathic, but there are cases where it can be secondary to ongoing medication or diseases [32]. Diet, intestinal motility and absorption, anorectal motor and sensory function, behavioral factors, and psychological issues are all part of the pathophysiology of functional constipation [32]. Functional constipation is categorized into constipation with normal transit, slow-transit constipation. and rectal evacuation disorders [30]. Treating chronic constipation can be challenging, and current treatment strategies include dietary changes, treatment of depression, and the ingestion of bulking agents such as psyllium or methylcellulose, stimulating laxative medication, lactulose, and sorbitol [33]. Treatment options for chronic constipation may follow the recent American Gastroenterological Association/ American College of Gastroenterology (AGA/ACG) clinical practice guideline [34].
The enteric nervous system (ENS), the central nervous system (CNS), the immune system, and the intestinal luminal environment are the inter-related factors that control gastrointestinal motility [35]. Constipation symptoms might appear if perturbations occur in any of these systems [35]. The existence of a bidirectional “microbiota-gut-brain axis” [36] and its important role in regulating intestinal motility is supported by growing evidence [35][37]. Some studies have demonstrated that probiotics can positively affect gut motility by modulating the ENS or the CNS [38][39]. Some studies indicate that probiotics can increase gut motility by modifying the microbiota composition and microbial fermentation, which triggers the release of metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, peptides, and lactic acid that interact with the ENS [35][40][41].
The gut microbial population plays a key role in intestinal motility, and dysbiosis has been correlated with chronic constipation [1]. Studies that have analyzed the microbiota in constipation and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome have shown that there is a decrease in Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus spp. Compared to control groups and an increase in potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Campylobacter jejuni [35][42][43][44][45]. A cross-sectional pilot study using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing reported that the microbiota of constipated patients presents a decreased concentration of Prevotella and increased concentrations of the Firmicutes genera [46]. Parthasarathy et al. also demonstrated the correlation between a more rapid transit time and increased concentrations of Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, and Lactococcus [44].
According to Barbara et al., the intestinal microbiota influences gut motility by releasing bacterial fermentation end-products via intestinal neuroendocrine factors and through mediators released by the gut immune response [47]. SCFAs, products of bacterial anaerobic metabolism, have been demonstrated to stimulate ileal propulsive contractions and appear to be able to directly stimulate ileal and colonic smooth-muscle contractility [45]. Moreover, SCFAs, especially butyrate, exhibit pro-absorptive NaCl and anti-secretory effects toward Cl− secretion [48].

Microbiota-Based Therapy of Constipation

Dietary fiber has been intensively recommended for treating chronic constipation due to its multiple benefits to intestinal microbiome health. Dietary fibers are known to increase the volume of the stool and soften it, as well as decrease transit time [49]. Dietary fiber acts as a substrate for microbial intestinal fermentation, stimulates the growth of beneficial bacteria, and promotes the excretion of fermentation end-products such as SCFAs, which adversely affect human health when built up [50]. Moreover, it was shown that dietary fiber can stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria while suppressing pathogenic bacteria [51].
The low-FODMAP diet shows good results in patients with constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C). However, it also decreases fiber intake, thus leading to aggravating constipation in some cases of IBS-C [52]. Although there is still insufficient evidence to demonstrate the beneficial effect of nutritional approaches on gut microbiota manipulation for the overall improvement of different chronic digestive diseases, diet modifications seem helpful for symptom alleviation [53][54][55].
Prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates that promote the health of the host by stimulating the growth of some commensal gut bacteria, such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria [56]. Prebiotics like inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides, and galacto-oligosaccharides are metabolized in the intestinal lumen and transformed into lactic acid and short-chain carboxylic acid [45]. Studies on mice have demonstrated that prebiotic oligosaccharides stimulate gut peristalsis, thus alleviating constipation symptoms [57]. In the clinical setting, lactulose relieves constipation and increases fecal Bifidobacteria counts [58]. In the clinical setting, no significant differences were observed in the relief of constipation when compared to placebo [58][59].
Probiotics are extensively used as alternative treatment options in patients suffering from constipation due to their beneficial effects [60]. Probiotics may benefit patients suffering from chronic constipation by modifying the intestinal luminal environment and changing the composition of altered gut microbiota [61][62]. The consumption of B. lactis containing fermented milk increased stool frequency and improved stool consistency and defecation conditions in a population of Chinese women suffering from constipation [63]. In addition, one systematic review demonstrated that B. lactis reduced whole-gut transit time, increased stool frequency, and improved stool consistency in patients with functional constipation [35]. One of the most recent trials evaluated the clinical efficacy of multiple strains of probiotics in treating chronic constipation in elderly patients using a multi-probiotic mixture containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BCL1, L. acidophilus LA3, and L. casei BGP93 [64]. After 71 days, the cumulative stool number was significantly higher in the probiotic group compared to placebo [64]. Recently, a meta-analysis by Zhang et al. identified 15 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the efficacy of probiotic administration in constipation. Gut transit time (GTT), stool frequency, consistency, and bloating were analyzed. The meta-analysis demonstrated that probiotics such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus ameliorate functional constipation by increasing stool frequency and decreasing gut transit time and stool consistency. However, symptoms of bloating were not significantly reduced [65]. Compared to single-species probiotics, multispecies probiotics were found to significantly improve symptoms of constipation [64]. The superior results obtained with multispecies probiotic administration may be explained by synergistic interactions between probiotic strains [64][66]. One systematic review of nine RCTs that investigated the clinical efficacy of probiotics in treating constipation in elderly people reported that probiotic therapy significantly improved constipation compared to placebo groups, with B. longum being the most frequently tested probiotic among the analyzed trials [67].
Synbiotics represent a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics. One randomized controlled study evaluated the efficacy of a synbiotic combination containing Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum) NCIMB 30182, Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve) NCIMB 30180, Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) NCIMB1 30185, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) NCIMB 30188, L. acidophilus NCIMB 30184, Lactobacillus bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus) NCIMB 30186, Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermophilus) NCIMB 30189, and fructo-oligosaccharides in ameliorating constipation in a population of 66 men with chronic idiopathic constipation [68]. A second RCT used a synbiotic combination of B. lactis HN019, Lactobacillus paracasei (L. paracasei) Lpc-37, L. rhamnosus HN001, and L. acidophilus (NCFM), fructo-oligosaccharides in a population of women suffering from chronic idiopathic constipation [69]. In addition, studies have demonstrated the efficiency of synbiotics in ameliorating constipation in children with chronic constipation [70][71].
The agents mentioned above are generally well tolerated, and their administration is considered safe. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics may represent an effective treatment option for patients suffering from chronic constipation. However, further studies are needed to evaluate specific species strains and the optimal treatment dosages and durations.
In patients with chronic constipation, Zhang et al. demonstrated that FMT in combination with soluble dietary fiber had both short-term and long-term efficacy in treating slow-transit constipation [72]. In an early study by Borody et al., FMT demonstrated significant improvement in defecation frequency and symptoms like abdominal pain, early satiety, and nausea [73]. A significant increase in defecation frequency and stool consistency was also demonstrated by Ge et al. in a case series that investigated FMT in six patients with slow-transit constipation [74]. In one RCT, 60 adult patients with slow-transit-time constipation were randomized to receive either FMT or conventional treatment. The FMT group had significantly improved constipation symptoms, demonstrating that FMT effectively treated constipation [75].
FMT was proven effective in treating both refractory diarrhea and refractory constipation. However, this procedure is associated with high risks, and the Food and Drug Administration has issued a warning following the death of one patient after FMT and after one patient developed an infection [76]. Moreover, immunocompromised patients are at risk of developing bloodstream infections if undergoing FMT [77]. Due to the dangers associated with FMT, the challenge in identifying donors, and the complexity of the procedure, only selected cases of patients who are refractory to conventional treatment options should undergo this procedure.

References

  1. Ohkusa, T.; Koido, S.; Nishikawa, Y.; Sato, N. Gut microbiota and chronic constipation: A review and update. Front. Med. 2019, 6, 19.
  2. Li, Y.; Xia, S.; Jiang, X.; Feng, C.; Gong, S.; Ma, J.; Fang, Z.; Yin, J.; Yin, Y. Gut microbiota and diarrhea: An updated review. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2021, 11, 625210.
  3. Berg, G.; Rybakova, D.; Fischer, D.; Cernava, T.; Vergès, M.C.; Charles, T.; Chen, X.; Cocolin, L.; Eversole, K.; Corral, G.H.; et al. Microbiome definition re-visited: Old concepts and new challenges. Microbiome 2020, 8, 103.
  4. Human Microbiome Project. Available online: https://hmpdacc.org (accessed on 12 August 2023).
  5. Nature.com: Microbiome. Available online: https://www.nature.com/subjects/microbiome (accessed on 12 August 2023).
  6. Thursby, E.; Juge, N. Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochem. J. 2017, 474, 1823–1836.
  7. Zamani, M.; Ebrahimtabar, F.; Zamani, V.; Miller, W.H.; Alizadeh-Navaei, R.; Shokri-Shirvani, J.; Derakhshan, M.H. Systematic review with meta-analysis: The worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2018, 47, 868–876.
  8. Marchesi, J.R.; Ravel, J. The vocabulary of microbiome research: A proposal. Microbiome 2015, 3, 31.
  9. Amon, P.; Sanderson, I. What is the microbiome? Arch. Dis. Child. Educ. Pract. Ed. 2017, 102, 257–260.
  10. Moeller, A.H.; Li, Y.; Mpoudi Ngole, E.; Ahuka-Mundeke, S.; Lonsdorf, E.V.; Pusey, A.E.; Peeters, M.; Hahn, B.H.; Ochman, H. Rapid changes in the gut microbiome during human evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 16431–16435.
  11. Hou, K.; Wu, Z.-X.; Chen, X.-Y.; Wang, J.-Q.; Zhang, D.; Xiao, C.; Zhu, D.; Koya, J.B.; Wei, L.; Li, J.; et al. Microbiota in health and diseases. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 2022, 7, 135.
  12. Fan, Y.; Pedersen, O. Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2021, 19, 55–71.
  13. Hillman, E.T.; Lu, H.; Yao, T.; Nakatsu, C.H. Microbial ecology along the gastrointestinal tract. Microbes Environ. 2017, 32, 300–313.
  14. Jandhyala, S.M.; Talukdar, R.; Subramanyam, C.; Vuyyuru, H.; Sasikala, M.; Nageshwar Reddy, D. Role of the normal gut microbiota. World J. Gastroenterol. 2015, 21, 8787–8803.
  15. Malfertheiner, P.; Megraud, F.; O’Morain, C.A.; Gisbert, J.P.; Kuipers, E.J.; Axon, A.T.; Bazzoli, F.; Gasbarrini, A.; Atherton, J.; Graham, D.Y.; et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2017, 66, 6–30.
  16. DeGruttola, A.K.; Low, D.; Mizoguchi, A.; Mizoguchi, E. Current understanding of dysbiosis in disease in human and animal models. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2016, 22, 1137–1150.
  17. Franceschi, F.; Zuccalà, G.; Roccarina, D.; Gasbarrini, A. Clinical effects of Helicobacter pylori outside the stomach. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2014, 11, 234–242.
  18. Wei, L.; Singh, R.; Ro, S.; Ghoshal, U.C. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in functional gastrointestinal disorders: Underpinning the symptoms and pathophysiology. JGH Open 2021, 5, 976–987.
  19. Kundu, P.; Blacher, E.; Elinav, E.; Pettersson, S. Our gut microbiome: The evolving inner self. Cell 2017, 171, 1481–1493.
  20. Lakhan, S.E.; Kirchgessner, A. Gut inflammation in chronic fatigue syndrome. Nutr. Metab. 2010, 7, 79.
  21. Li, Q.; Han, Y.; Dy, A.B.C.; Hagerman, R.J. The gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorders. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2017, 11, 120.
  22. Zhao, Q.; Yu, J.; Zhou, H.; Wang, X.; Zhang, C.; Hu, J.; Hu, Y.; Zheng, H.; Zeng, F.; Yue, C.; et al. Intestinal dysbiosis exacerbates the pathogenesis of psoriasis-like phenotype through changes in fatty acid metabolism. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 2023, 8, 40.
  23. Ionescu, R.F.; Cozma, E.C.; Enache, R.M.; Cretoiu, S.M.; Iancu, M.; Mandea, M.; Profir, M.; Rosu, O.A.; Gaspar, B.S. Advances in Probiotics for Health and Nutrition; Zambare, V., Din, M.F.M.D., Gupta, P., Prajapati, B.G., Eds.; IntechOpen: Rijeka, Croatia, 2023; pp. 1–37.
  24. Vijay, A.; Valdes, A.M. Role of the gut microbiome in chronic diseases: A narrative review. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2022, 76, 489–501.
  25. Ionescu, R.F.; Enache, R.; Cretoiu, S.M.; Gaspar, B.S. Gut microbiome changes in gestational diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 12839.
  26. Ionescu, R.F.; Enache, R.; Cretoiu, S.M.; Cretoiu, D. The interplay between gut microbiota and miRNAs in cardiovascular diseases. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2022, 9, 856901.
  27. Agus, A.; Clement, K.; Sokol, H. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as central regulators in metabolic disorders. Gut 2021, 70, 1174.
  28. Sanchez, M.I.; Bercik, P. Epidemiology and burden of chronic constipation. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 2011, 25 (Suppl. B), 11b–15b.
  29. Mitelmão, F.C.R.; Bergamaschi, C.C.; Gerenutti, M.; Hächel, K.; Silva, M.T.; Balcão, V.M.; Vila, M. The effect of probiotics on functional constipation in adults: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Medicine 2021, 100, e24938.
  30. Vriesman, M.H.; Koppen, I.J.N.; Camilleri, M.; Di Lorenzo, C.; Benninga, M.A. Management of functional constipation in children and adults. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020, 17, 21–39.
  31. Kim, E.R.; Rhee, P.L. How to interpret a functional or motility test—Colon transit study. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2012, 18, 94–99.
  32. Basilisco, G.; Coletta, M. Chronic constipation: A critical review. Dig. Liver Dis. 2013, 45, 886–893.
  33. Longstreth, G.F.; Thompson, W.G.; Chey, W.D.; Houghton, L.A.; Mearin, F.; Spiller, R.C. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 2006, 130, 1480–1491.
  34. Chang, L.; Chey, W.D.; Imdad, A.; Almario, C.V.; Bharucha, A.E.; Diem, S.; Greer, K.B.; Hanson, B.; Harris, L.A.; Ko, C.; et al. American Gastroenterological Association-American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline: Pharmacological management of chronic idiopathic constipation. Gastroenterology 2023, 164, 1086–1106.
  35. Dimidi, E.; Christodoulides, S.; Scott, S.M.; Whelan, K. Mechanisms of action of probiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota on gut motility and constipation. Adv. Nutr. 2017, 8, 484–494.
  36. Cryan, J.F.; Dinan, T.G. Mind-altering microorganisms: The impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2012, 13, 701–712.
  37. Bercik, P.; Collins, S.M.; Verdu, E.F. Microbes and the gut-brain axis. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2012, 24, 405–413.
  38. Kunze, W.A.; Mao, Y.K.; Wang, B.; Huizinga, J.D.; Ma, X.; Forsythe, P.; Bienenstock, J. Lactobacillus reuteri enhances excitability of colonic AH neurons by inhibiting calcium-dependent potassium channel opening. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2009, 13, 2261–2270.
  39. Wang, B.; Mao, Y.K.; Diorio, C.; Pasyk, M.; Wu, R.Y.; Bienenstock, J.; Kunze, W.A. Luminal administration ex vivo of a live Lactobacillus species moderates mouse jejunal motility within minutes. FASEB J. 2010, 24, 4078–4088.
  40. Matsumoto, K.; Takada, T.; Shimizu, K.; Moriyama, K.; Kawakami, K.; Hirano, K.; Kajimoto, O.; Nomoto, K. Effects of a probiotic fermented milk beverage containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on defecation frequency, intestinal microbiota, and the intestinal environment of healthy individuals with soft stools. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2010, 110, 547–552.
  41. Ishizuka, A.; Tomizuka, K.; Aoki, R.; Nishijima, T.; Saito, Y.; Inoue, R.; Ushida, K.; Mawatari, T.; Ikeda, T. Effects of administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis GCL2505 on defecation frequency and bifidobacterial microbiota composition in humans. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2012, 113, 587–591.
  42. Chassard, C.; Dapoigny, M.; Scott, K.P.; Crouzet, L.; Del’homme, C.; Marquet, P.; Martin, J.C.; Pickering, G.; Ardid, D.; Eschalier, A.; et al. Functional dysbiosis within the gut microbiota of patients with constipated-irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2012, 35, 828–838.
  43. Kim, S.E.; Choi, S.C.; Park, K.S.; Park, M.I.; Shin, J.E.; Lee, T.H.; Jung, K.W.; Koo, H.S.; Myung, S.J. Change of fecal flora and effectiveness of the short-term VSL#3 probiotic treatment in patients with functional constipation. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2015, 21, 111–120.
  44. Parthasarathy, G.; Chen, J.; Chen, X.; Chia, N.; O’Connor, H.M.; Wolf, P.G.; Gaskins, H.R.; Bharucha, A.E. Relationship between microbiota of the colonic mucosa vs feces and symptoms, colonic transit, and methane production in female patients with chronic constipation. Gastroenterology 2016, 150, 367–379.e1.
  45. Zhao, Y.; Yu, Y.B. Intestinal microbiota and chronic constipation. Springerplus 2016, 5, 1130.
  46. Zhu, L.; Liu, W.; Alkhouri, R.; Baker, R.D.; Bard, J.E.; Quigley, E.M.; Baker, S.S. Structural changes in the gut microbiome of constipated patients. Physiol. Genom. 2014, 46, 679–686.
  47. Barbara, G.; Stanghellini, V.; Brandi, G.; Cremon, C.; Di Nardo, G.; De Giorgio, R.; Corinaldesi, R. Interactions between commensal bacteria and gut sensorimotor function in health and disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2005, 100, 2560–2568.
  48. Canani, R.B.; Costanzo, M.D.; Leone, L.; Pedata, M.; Meli, R.; Calignano, A. Potential beneficial effects of butyrate in intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. World J. Gastroenterol. 2011, 17, 1519–1528.
  49. Hillemeier, C. An overview of the effects of dietary fiber on gastrointestinal transit. Pediatrics 1995, 96, 997–999.
  50. Williams, B.A.; Grant, L.J.; Gidley, M.J.; Mikkelsen, D. Gut fermentation of dietary fibres: Physico-chemistry of plant cell walls and implications for health. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2203.
  51. Chen, H.; Mao, X.; He, J.; Yu, B.; Huang, Z.; Yu, J.; Zheng, P.; Chen, D. Dietary fibre affects intestinal mucosal barrier function and regulates intestinal bacteria in weaning piglets. Br. J. Nutr. 2013, 110, 1837–1848.
  52. Zhang, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Lu, T.; Zhang, J.; Sun, L.; Hu, B.; Hu, J.; Peñuelas, J.; Zhu, L.; Qian, H. Residual chlorine disrupts the microbial communities and spreads antibiotic resistance in freshwater. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 423, 127152.
  53. Sloan, T.J.; Jalanka, J.; Major, G.A.D.; Krishnasamy, S.; Pritchard, S.; Abdelrazig, S.; Korpela, K.; Singh, G.; Mulvenna, C.; Hoad, C.L.; et al. A low FODMAP diet is associated with changes in the microbiota and reduction in breath hydrogen but not colonic volume in healthy subjects. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0201410.
  54. Su, H.; Li, Y.T.; Heitkemper, M.M.; Zia, J. Effects of Low-FODMAPS Diet on Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms and Gut Microbiome. Gastroenterol. Nurs. 2019, 42, 150–158.
  55. McIntosh, K.; Reed, D.E.; Schneider, T.; Dang, F.; Keshteli, A.H.; De Palma, G.; Madsen, K.; Bercik, P.; Vanner, S. FODMAPs alter symptoms and the metabolome of patients with IBS: A randomised controlled trial. Gut 2017, 66, 1241–1251.
  56. Gibson, G.R.; Hutkins, R.; Sanders, M.E.; Prescott, S.L.; Reimer, R.A.; Salminen, S.J.; Scott, K.; Stanton, C.; Swanson, K.S.; Cani, P.D.; et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017, 14, 491–502.
  57. Li, T.; Lu, X.; Yang, X. Stachyose-enriched α-galacto-oligosaccharides regulate gut microbiota and relieve constipation in mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 11825–11831.
  58. Bouhnik, Y.; Neut, C.; Raskine, L.; Michel, C.; Riottot, M.; Andrieux, C.; Guillemot, F.; Dyard, F.; Flourié, B. Prospective, randomized, parallel-group trial to evaluate the effects of lactulose and polyethylene glycol-4000 on colonic flora in chronic idiopathic constipation. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004, 19, 889–899.
  59. Linetzky Waitzberg, D.; Alves Pereira, C.C.; Logullo, L.; Manzoni Jacintho, T.; Almeida, D.; Teixeira da Silva, M.L.; Matos de Miranda Torrinhas, R.S. Microbiota benefits after inulin and partially hydrolized guar gum supplementation: A randomized clinical trial in constipated women. Nutr. Hosp. 2012, 27, 123–129.
  60. Danilenko, V.; Devyatkin, A.; Marsova, M.; Shibilova, M.; Ilyasov, R.; Shmyrev, V. Common Inflammatory Mechanisms in COVID-19 and Parkinson’s Diseases: The Role of Microbiome, Pharmabiotics and Postbiotics in Their Prevention. J. Inflamm. Res. 2021, 14, 6349–6381.
  61. Kondo, J.; Xiao, J.Z.; Shirahata, A.; Baba, M.; Abe, A.; Ogawa, K.; Shimoda, T. Modulatory effects of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on defecation in elderly patients receiving enteral feeding. World J. Gastroenterol. 2013, 19, 2162–2170.
  62. Waller, P.A.; Gopal, P.K.; Leyer, G.J.; Ouwehand, A.C.; Reifer, C.; Stewart, M.E.; Miller, L.E. Dose-response effect of Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 on whole gut transit time and functional gastrointestinal symptoms in adults. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2011, 46, 1057–1064.
  63. Yang, Y.X.; He, M.; Hu, G.; Wei, J.; Pages, P.; Yang, X.H.; Bourdu-Naturel, S. Effect of a fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173010 on Chinese constipated women. World J. Gastroenterol. 2008, 14, 6237–6243.
  64. Šola, K.F.; Vladimir-Knežević, S.; Hrabač, P.; Mucalo, I.; Saso, L.; Verbanac, D. The effect of multistrain probiotics on functional constipation in the elderly: A randomized controlled trial. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2022, 76, 1675–1681.
  65. Zhang, C.; Jiang, J.; Tian, F.; Zhao, J.; Zhang, H.; Zhai, Q.; Chen, W. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effects of probiotics on functional constipation in adults. Clin. Nutr. 2020, 39, 2960–2969.
  66. Guo, Z.; Liu, X.M.; Zhang, Q.X.; Shen, Z.; Tian, F.W.; Zhang, H.; Sun, Z.H.; Zhang, H.P.; Chen, W. Influence of consumption of probiotics on the plasma lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2011, 21, 844–850.
  67. Martínez-Martínez, M.I.; Calabuig-Tolsá, R.; Cauli, O. The effect of probiotics as a treatment for constipation in elderly people: A systematic review. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2017, 71, 142–149.
  68. Fateh, R.; Iravani, S.; Frootan, M.; Rasouli, M.R.; Saadat, S. Synbiotic preparation in men suffering from functional constipation: A randomised controlled trial. Swiss Med. Wkly. 2011, 141, w13239.
  69. Waitzberg, D.L.; Logullo, L.C.; Bittencourt, A.F.; Torrinhas, R.S.; Shiroma, G.M.; Paulino, N.P.; Teixeira-da-Silva, M.L. Effect of synbiotic in constipated adult women—A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of clinical response. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 32, 27–33.
  70. Khodadad, A.; Sabbaghian, M. Role of synbiotics in the treatment of childhood constipation: A double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Iran. J. Pediatr. 2010, 20, 387–392.
  71. Sadeghzadeh, M.; Rabieefar, A.; Khoshnevisasl, P.; Mousavinasab, N.; Eftekhari, K. The effect of probiotics on childhood constipation: A randomized controlled double blind clinical trial. Int. J. Pediatr. 2014, 2014, 937212.
  72. Zhang, X.; Tian, H.; Gu, L.; Nie, Y.; Ding, C.; Ge, X.; Yang, B.; Gong, J.; Li, N. Long-term follow-up of the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation in combination with soluble dietary fiber as a therapeutic regimen in slow transit constipation. Sci. China Life Sci. 2018, 61, 779–786.
  73. Borody, T.J.; George, L.; Andrews, P.; Brandl, S.; Noonan, S.; Cole, P.; Hyland, L.; Morgan, A.; Maysey, J.; Moore-Jones, D. Bowel-flora alteration: A potential cure for inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome? Med. J. Aust. 1989, 150, 604.
  74. Ge, X.; Zhao, W.; Ding, C.; Tian, H.; Xu, L.; Wang, H.; Ni, L.; Jiang, J.; Gong, J.; Zhu, W.; et al. Potential role of fecal microbiota from patients with slow transit constipation in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 441.
  75. Tian, H.; Ge, X.; Nie, Y.; Yang, L.; Ding, C.; McFarland, L.V.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Q.; Gong, J.; Li, N. Fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with slow-transit constipation: A randomized, clinical trial. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0171308.
  76. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Important Safety Alert Regarding Use of Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation and Risk of Serious Adverse Reactions Due to Transmission of Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms. Available online: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/safety-availability-biologics/important-safety-alert-regarding-use-fecal-microbiota-transplantation-and-risk-serious-adverse (accessed on 18 August 2023).
  77. Zhong, S.; Zeng, J.; Deng, Z.; Jiang, L.; Zhang, B.; Yang, K.; Wang, W.; Zhang, T. Fecal microbiota transplantation for refractory diarrhea in immunocompromised diseases: A pediatric case report. Ital. J. Pediatr. 2019, 45, 116.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Integrative & Complementary Medicine
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Mihaela Adela Iancu
,
Monica Profir
,
Oana Alexandra Roşu
,
Ruxandra Florentina Ionescu
,
Sanda Maria Cretoiu
,
Bogdan Severus Gaspar
View Times: 267
Entry Collection: Gastrointestinal Disease
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 22 Sep 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback