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Topic Review
Human-like Arm Motion Generation
In the last decade, the objectives outlined by the needs of personal robotics have led to the rise of new biologically-inspired techniques for arm motion planning. This entry presents a literature review of the most recent research on the generation of human-like arm movements in humanoid and manipulation robotic systems. Search methods and inclusion criteria are described. The studies are analyzed taking into consideration the sources of publication, the experimental settings, the type of movements, the technical approach, and the human motor principles that have been used to inspire and assess human-likeness. 
  • 756
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Renovation Automation System IIoT
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is of great significance to improve industrial efficiency and quality, to reduce industrial costs and resources.
  • 751
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Sensor Particles
Micro and nanoparticles are not only understood as components of materials but as small functional units too. Particles can be designed for the primary transduction of physical and chemical signals and, therefore, become a valuable component in sensing systems. Due to their small size, they are particularly interesting for sensing in microfluidic systems, in microarray arrangements and in miniaturized biotechnological systems and microreactors, in general. Here, an overview of the recent development in the preparation of micro and nanoparticles for sensing purposes in microfluidics and application of particles in various microfluidic devices is presented. The concept of sensor particles is particularly useful for combining a direct contact between cells, biomolecules and media with a contactless optical readout. In addition to the construction and synthesis of micro and nanoparticles with transducer functions, examples of chemical and biological applications are reported.
  • 751
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Vision-Based Fall Detection Systems
Vision-based fall detection systems have experienced fast development over the last years. To determine the course of its evolution and help new researchers, the main audience of this paper, a comprehensive revision of all published articles in the main scientific databases regarding this area during the last five years has been made. After a selection process, detailed in the Materials and Methods Section, eighty-one systems were thoroughly reviewed. Their characterization and classification techniques were analyzed and categorized. Their performance data were also studied, and comparisons were made to determine which classifying methods best work in this field. The evolution of artificial vision technology, very positively influenced by the incorporation of artificial neural networks, has allowed fall characterization to become more resistant to noise resultant from illumination phenomena or occlusion. The classification has also taken advantage of these networks, and the field starts using robots to make these systems mobile. However, datasets used to train them lack real-world data, raising doubts about their performances facing real elderly falls. In addition, there is no evidence of strong connections between the elderly and the communities of researchers.
  • 751
  • 17 Feb 2021
Topic Review
IoT-Based Technologies for Smart Home Automation
IoT-based technologies for home automation are now available for every home. There are ones that can be applied using the existing wired infrastructure (powerline cables or Ethernet), connecting sensors, controllers, and other devices, while others are using wireless technologies.
  • 751
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Failure Diagnosis Method for Hydraulic Pump
To implement Prognostics Health Management (PHM) for hydraulic pumps, it is very important to study the faults of hydraulic pumps to ensure the stability and reliability of the whole life cycle. Hydraulic systems are applied to all crucial mechanical equipment and play an irreplaceable role in the field of industrial production and manufacturing. As the “heart” of the hydraulic system, the hydraulic pump is responsible for converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy and providing pressure oil for the system.
  • 738
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Digital Twin Applications
Industrial Digital Twin (IDT) systems integrate physical and virtual data throughout a product life cycle.
  • 728
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Seven Widely Used Open-Source Platforms
Simulation platforms are critical and indispensable tools for application developments of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) because the UAVs are generally costly, have certain requirements for the test environment, and need professional licensed operators. Thus, developers prefer (or have) to test their applications on simulation platforms before implementing them on real machines. Seven widely used open-source simulation platforms, including Webots, Gazebo, CoppeliaSim, ARGoS, MRDS, MORSE, and USARSim.
  • 719
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Smart-Guided Pedestrian Emergency Evacuation
Rapid exploitation of city underground space has led to the development of increasingly more underground slender-shape infrastructure like pedestrian tunnels, concourses, subway walkways, underground shopping streets, etc. Pedestrian evacuation in those public places in case of emergency can be disastrous if not properly guided. Therefore, it is important to understand how to enhance the evacuation efficiency through proper active guidance. In this study, we propose a digital twin based guiding system for pedestrian emergency evacuation inside a slender-shape infrastructure, aiming at enhancing the overall evacuation efficiency. Composition and calibration process of the guiding system are described, and a cellular automata based model is established to serve as the digital twin model. Two guidance strategies, namely traditional fixed guidance and smart guidance, are adopted by the digital twin to generate guidance instructions. A smart guidance strategy using a semi-empirical approach is proposed based on the understanding of the free movement and congested movement of pedestrian flow. Systems under different guiding strategies are compared and discussed over their effectiveness to promote excavation efficiency in different pedestrian population distribution settings. The simulation results show that a system under smart guidance tends to have shorter evacuation time (up to 23.8% time saving) and performs with more stability for pedestrian evacuations over the traditional fixed guided systems. The study provides insight for potential real applications of a similar kind.
  • 718
  • 09 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Thermal Comfort Indices Through Room Occupancy Prediction
Room occupancy prediction based on indoor environmental quality may be the breakthrough to ensure energy efficiency and establish an interior ambience tailored to each user. Identifying whether temperature, humidity, lighting, and CO2 levels may be used as efficient predictors of room occupancy accuracy is needed to help designers better utilize the readings and data collected in order to improve interior design, in an effort to better suit users. It also aims to help in energy efficiency and saving in an ever-increasing energy crisis and dangerous levels of climate change.
  • 716
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Optimization of Independent Vector Analysis Algorithm
With the advent of the era of big data information, artificial intelligence (AI) methods have become extremely promising and attractive. It has become extremely important to extract useful signals by decomposing various mixed signals through blind source separation (BSS). BSS has been proven to have prominent applications in multichannel audio processing. For multichannel speech signals, independent component analysis (ICA) requires a certain statistical independence of source signals and other conditions to allow blind separation. independent vector analysis (IVA) is an extension of ICA for the simultaneous separation of multiple parallel mixed signals. IVA solves the problem of arrangement ambiguity caused by independent component analysis by exploiting the dependencies between source signal components and plays a crucial role in dealing with the problem of convolutional blind signal separation.
  • 716
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based BEMS per Building Type
The deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based building energy management systems (BEMS) field has grown rapidly in the last five years, with numerous creative ideas and innovations for integrating advanced data-driven control methods in the development of fully enabled smart buildings. Although residential buildings are by far the largest energy consumers, other building types, such as offices and educational buildings, are also being investigated. It would be useful to realize the different directions of research, types of applications, and innovative ideas being implemented for each building type. In particular, it is crucial from a data-centric perspective, as being able to train and use data-driven methods requires large amounts of data, particularly when deploying such systems in the real world.
  • 681
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Smart Factory
In the manufacturing sector, industrial, academic, and research entities have been making joint efforts to move beyond process automation and help the industry build intelligent factories that autonomously recognize and control the work situation by incorporating technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), cloud, big data, and 5G with existing manufacturing processes. 
  • 674
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence for Smart Grids in Smart Manufacturing
Smart manufacturing is not only beneficial to optimize product manufacturing processes with minimum costs, but also conducts product life cycle management to reduce energy consumption. Sustainable and smart manufacturing involves improving the efficiency and environmental sustainability of various manufacturing operations such as resource allocation, data collecting and monitoring, and process control. 
  • 673
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Anomaly Detection in Autonomous Robotic Missions
An anomaly in autonomous robotic missions (ARM) is a deviation from the expected behaviour, performance, or state of the robotic system and its environment, which may impact the mission’s objectives, safety, or efficiency; and this anomaly can be caused either by system faults or the change in the environmental dynamics of interaction. The nuanced understanding of anomaly categories facilitates a more strategic approach, ensuring that detection methods are more effective in addressing the specific nature of the anomaly.
  • 660
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Lung Sound Waveforms
Lung auscultation has long been used as a valuable medical tool to assess respiratory health and has gotten a lot of attention in recent years, notably following the coronavirus epidemic. Lung auscultation is used to assess a patient’s respiratory role. Modern technological progress has guided the growth of computer-based respiratory speech investigation, a valuable tool for detecting lung abnormalities and diseases. Several recent studies have reviewed this important area, but none are specific to lung sound-based analysis with deep-learning architectures from one side and the provided information was not sufficient for a good understanding of these techniques. 
  • 654
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Fundamentals of Path-Planning Algorithms
The rapid technological development of computing power and system operations today allows for increasingly advanced algorithm implementation, as well as path planning in real time.
  • 613
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Controller Area Network Cybersecurity
The Controller Area Network, commonly referred to as Controller Area Network (CAN) bus, is a serial standard for field buses that is primarily employed in the automotive industry. It was introduced in the 1980s by Robert Bosch as a means to connect various electronic control units (ECUs).
  • 611
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Drone Applications Fighting COVID-19
The non-military use of drones is becoming more widespread, which the media is now increasingly reporting. Drone applications fighting Covid-19 can be divided into different types of groups: surveillance of an area with a visual camera, detection of fever-infected people with a thermal camera, communication with an on-board installed loudspeaker or QR code flag and three different logistic tasks such as transportation of essentials, health products and disinfectants.   
  • 610
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Optimal Scheduling of Hydro-Wind-Solar Hybrid Systems
In order to establish a hydro-wind-solar hybrid system, the control of multiple power sources and the coordination and real-time scheduling between multiple power sources must be solved. The realization of a multi-energy complementary system first needs to pay attention to the form in which dozens or even hundreds of wind and solar power plants participate in power generation scheduling, how to predict and describe their power generation laws, and the risks brought about by their uncertainties, in addition to to paying attention to the coordinated operation of hydropower stations and large-scale wind power stations on multiple time scales.
  • 606
  • 05 Dec 2022
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