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Topic Review
Neglected Tropical Disease—Balantidiasis
Balantidiasis, caused by Balantidium coli, is a zoonotic parasitic disease characterized by high infection and incidence rates; however, it is only scantly investigated and therefore considered a neglected tropical zoonosis (NTZ). 
  • 587
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Nutritional Strategies to Mitigate Post-Weaning Challenges in Pigs
The pig-farming industry faces significant challenges in ensuring the health and growth of piglets, particularly during the weaning phase. This critical period involves multiple stressors, such as environmental changes, dietary shifts, and social separation, which can adversely affect the piglet’s digestive health, immune system, and overall well-being.
  • 582
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Teaching Clinical Reasoning to Veterinary Medical Learners with a Case Example
Clinical reasoning is an essential competence of veterinary graduands. It is a complex competence with cognitive, metacognitive, social, and situational activities. The literature on clinical reasoning in veterinary medical education is relatively scarce or focused on theoretical rather than practical applications. In this review, we address the practicality of teaching clinical reasoning to veterinary learners utilizing a practical example of a cow with allergic rhinitis. Learners should be guided through all the domains of clinical reasoning, including concepts, data collection and analysis, take action, and reflection on an encounter. Each of these domains needs to be clearly but concisely explained and practiced repeatedly by learners throughout the veterinary curricula. The teaching of clinical reasoning should start as early in the curriculum as possible, preferably in the pre-clinical years, with a gradual scaffolding and building of complexity before work-based learning begins, with an increase in demanding for advanced clinical reasoning competence. The teaching of clinical reasoning is best performed in specialized sessions and continued as a horizontally and vertically integrated activity.
  • 572
  • 10 May 2024
Topic Review
Relevant Horse Traits and Behaviour
The horse’s role throughout history, first as a meat animal and then a working animal, initially established their place as a “tool” to meet human needs. Horses are large animals with quick reactions. They are neophobic and claustrophobic, and remain acutely aware of their surroundings. 
  • 570
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Medical Uses of FFC Based on Targeted Species
Florfenicol is a bacteriostatic antibiotic that is primarily used in veterinary medicine to treat a range of diseases in farm and aquatic animals. This synthetic analog of thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol works by inhibiting ribosomal activity, thereby disrupting bacterial protein synthesis, and has been proven in its effectiveness against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial groups. Additionally, florfenicol has been found to possess anti-inflammatory properties and reduce immune cell proliferation and cytokine production.
  • 569
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Hemorrhagic Disease (HD) in USA
Overlapping clinical signs and lesions make it challenging to distinguish between epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) and Bluetongue (BT) affecting wild ruminants in the USA. Therefore, the syndrome caused by EHD and BT viruses is referred to as Hemorrhagic Disease (HD).
  • 568
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Efficient Mucosal Repair Limits Morbidity from Colic
Colic is a leading cause of death in horses, with the most fatal form being strangulating obstruction which directly damages the intestinal barrier. Following surgical intervention, it is imperative that the intestinal barrier rapidly repairs to prevent translocation of gut bacteria and their products and ensure survival of the patient. Age-related disparities in survival have been noted in many species, including horses, humans, and pigs, with younger patients suffering poorer clinical outcomes. Maintenance and repair of the intestinal barrier is regulated by a complex mucosal microenvironment, of which the ENS, and particularly a developing network of subepithelial enteric glial cells, may be of particular importance in neonates with colic. Postnatal development of an immature enteric glial cell network is thought to be driven by the microbial colonization of the gut and therefore modulated by diet-influenced changes in bacterial populations early in life.
  • 568
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Companion Animals: Reservoir of Carbapenem Resistance
The dissemination of antimicrobial-resistance is a major global threat affecting both human and animal health. Carbapenems are human use β-lactams of last resort; thus the dissemination of carbapenemase-producing (CP) bacteria creates severe limitations for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria in hospitalized patients. Even though carbapenems are not routinely used in veterinary medicine, reports of infection or colonization by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in companion animals are being reported. NDM-5 and OXA-48-like carbapenemases are among the most frequently reported in companion animals. Like in humans, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the most represented CP Enterobacterales found in companion animals, alongside with Acinetobacter baumannii. Considering that the detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales presents several difficulties, misdiagnosis of CP bacteria in companion animals may lead to important animal and public-health consequences. It is of the upmost importance to ensure an adequate monitoring and detection of CP bacteria in veterinary microbiology in order to safeguard animal health and minimise its dissemination to humans and the environment. 
  • 563
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Wild Felids Blood Group System and Transfusion Medicine
The AB blood group system has been identified in wild felids, as well as in the domestic cat. In both, type A blood seems to be the most common, although the majority of wild felid species exhibit one single blood type, showing that there seems to be variation between species, but not within species, and no evidence of geographical variation was yet found, showing apparently no genetic variability.
  • 562
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Unintentional Intoxications of Nonhuman Primates
Wild and captive nonhuman primates (NHP) are exposed and potentially vulnerable to many natural and man-made toxic threats. Nevertheless, wild NHP are capable of coping with these threats using strategies, namely avoidance, dilution, gastrointestinal degradation, or detoxification, which require genetic potential, learning from parents and conspecifics in their social group, or prior experience through random food sampling and experimentation. Captive NHP are also at high risk for intoxications when they are often housed in an outdoor enclosure in a vivarium or zoo that is in or close to a large urban and industrial city. These NHP are potentially exposed to urban-industrial air pollution due to industrial and vehicle exhausts, waste incineration, and the domestic and industrial use of petroleum-based products, cleaners, pesticides, and paints, amongst others.
  • 562
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Types of Stents Used in Veterinary Medicine
Stents are tubular ducts made of non-invasive materials designed to maintain the continuous flow of air through the airway lumen, or various types of fluid in the case of the urinary and circulatory systems. Stenting in veterinary medicine has been a rapidly growing method of interventional surgery. This procedure is usually performed in the respiratory and urinary tracts, but there are cases of stenting of blood vessels or gastrointestinal structures. It is based on maintaining the permeability of a given tubular structure, thus allowing the passage of gas or liquid. This procedure is often performed as a first-line treatment in situations where pharmacological agents do not work and as an alternative method, often cheaper than the classically performed ones. There are also cases where stenting is used as a palliative treatment, e.g., to enable defecation in colonic obstruction due to tumour infiltration of the colon wall. Stenting is often a life-saving or comfort-improving procedure for animals, but one should also be aware of possible postoperative complications and be prepared for any adversity. 
  • 553
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Johne’s disease (JD)
Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), a highly resistant, extremely fastidious, Gram-positive acid-fast bacilli. The disease is characterized by reduced productivity, loss in body weight, and can be experienced with (in cattle and buffaloes) or without (in goats and sheep) diarrhea. Animals acquire infection in the early stages (prenatal) through semen or in utero, with colostrum and milk, or from the environment after birth via the fecal–oral route.
  • 549
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis: Blood Macrophages and Kupffer Cells
Leishmania infantum is a parasite that causes zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, a disease that affects humans, wild and domestic animals, mainly domestic dogs. Macrophages are cells of the immune system, existing in the peripheral blood and associated with different tissues in the mammal body, having the task to protect against microbiological threats. Interestingly, Leishmania can manipulate the macrophages into a non-active ghost-like state, allowing the parasite to stay in the host. The liver, which is a vital organ and a target for the parasite, has a resident population of macrophages designated as Kupfer cells. Therefore, a better understanding of the immune mechanisms exhibited by the macrophages when facing Leishmania parasite is needed to improve control strategies.
  • 545
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Opioid Medications Used in Avian Patients
Opioid drugs are used to manage moderate to severe pain in mammals and avian species. In dosing opioids for a particular species, it is optimal to use dosing regimens based on pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics studies conducted in the same species as variability in the physiology among different species may result in differences in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Unfortunately, dosing regimens are typically extrapolated from closely related avian species or even mammals, which is unideal. 
  • 537
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ocular Melanocytic Neoplasms in Dogs and Cats
Melanocytic neoplasms are the most common form of primary intraocular neoplasia, and, among those, melanomas are highly prevalent, with different incidences regarding species and anatomical location. Melanomas are histologically confirmed tumours with malignant characteristics, and melanocytomas are benign tumours with no metastatic potential. Melanomas originate from melanocytes or other neoplastic cells that develop from melanocytes or melanoblasts.
  • 535
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Phytotherapy in Lactococcosis in Aquaculture
Lactococcosis, particularly that caused by Lactococcus garvieae, is a major re-emerging bacterial disease seriously affecting the sustainability of aquaculture industry. Medicinal herbs and plants do not have very much in vitro antagonism and in vivo disease resistance towards lactococcosis agents in aquaculture. Most in vitro studies with herbal extractives were performed against L. garvieae with no strong antibacterial activity, but essential oils, especially those that contain thymol or carvacrol, are more effective. 
  • 532
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Anti-Babesia Vaccines
Bovine babesiosis is caused by the Apicomplexa parasites from the genus Babesia. It is one of the most important tick-borne veterinary diseases worldwide; Babesia bovis being the species associated with the most severe clinical signs of the disease and causing the greatest economic losses. Resistance to drugs targeting B. bovis or its transmitting vector has made vaccination against this parasite the main infection control method.
  • 530
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Goats in Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii Infection
 Q fever has raised many questions. Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent, is a zoonotic pathogen affecting a wide range of hosts. This airborne organism leads to an obligate, intracellular lifecycle, during which it multiplies in the mononuclear cells of the immune system and in the trophoblasts of the placenta in pregnant females. Although some issues about C. burnetii and its pathogenesis in animals remain unclear, some experimental studies on Q fever have been conducted in goats given their excretion pattern. Goats play an important role in the epidemiology and economics of C. burnetii infections, also being the focus of several epidemiological studies.Variants of the agent implicated in human long-term disease have been found circulating in goats. 
  • 518
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Trichuriasis in Deer
Trichuris spp. are endoparasites found in a wide range of mammalian species. Some of these host species include humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats, pigs, wild ruminants and domesticated ruminants.
  • 513
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Hereditary Epidermolysis Bullosa in Dog Breeds
The plasticity of the genome is an evolutionary factor in all animal species, including canines, but it can also be the origin of diseases caused by hereditary genetic mutation. Genetic changes, or mutations, that give rise to a pathology in most cases result from recessive alleles that are normally found with minority allelic frequency. The use of genetic improvement increases the consanguinity within canine breeds and, on many occasions, also increases the frequency of these recessive alleles, increasing the prevalence of these pathologies. This prevalence has been known for a long time, but mutations differ according to the canine breed. These genetic diseases, including skin diseases, or genodermatosis, which is narrowly defined as monogenic hereditary dermatosis. Hereditary epidermolysis bullosa constitutes a heterogeneous group of hereditary blistering diseases of the skin and mucous membranes.
  • 512
  • 02 Sep 2022
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