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Topic Review
Types of Stents Used in Veterinary Medicine
Stents are tubular ducts made of non-invasive materials designed to maintain the continuous flow of air through the airway lumen, or various types of fluid in the case of the urinary and circulatory systems. Stenting in veterinary medicine has been a rapidly growing method of interventional surgery. This procedure is usually performed in the respiratory and urinary tracts, but there are cases of stenting of blood vessels or gastrointestinal structures. It is based on maintaining the permeability of a given tubular structure, thus allowing the passage of gas or liquid. This procedure is often performed as a first-line treatment in situations where pharmacological agents do not work and as an alternative method, often cheaper than the classically performed ones. There are also cases where stenting is used as a palliative treatment, e.g., to enable defecation in colonic obstruction due to tumour infiltration of the colon wall. Stenting is often a life-saving or comfort-improving procedure for animals, but one should also be aware of possible postoperative complications and be prepared for any adversity. 
  • 999
  • 27 Feb 2023
Biography
Andrew Knight
Whilst a Western Australian veterinary student in 2000, Andrew Knight caused controversy by refusing to kill animals during his surgical and preclinical training. Instead, he helped establish a humane surgical training program, based partly on neutering homeless animals from animal shelters. Andrew then worked in small animal veterinary practice. He is now Professor of Animal Welfare and Ethics
  • 994
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Mastitis
Inflammation of the mammary gland (mastitis) is an important disease of dairy sheep. Mastitis management depends mainly on the diagnosis. Conventional diagnostic methods including somatic cell count, California Mastitis Test, and microbial culture have limitations. Therefore researchers are looking for new diagnostic biomarkers of mastitis including specific proteins produced by the liver in case of disease (acute phase proteins), unique genetic sequences (miRNAs), or antimicrobial peptides produced by immune cells during inflammation (cathelicidines). 
  • 993
  • 10 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Feline Leishmaniosis
Leishmaniosis is the third most important vector-borne disease in humans, preceded by malaria and lymphatic filariasis, and it is considered endemic in tropical and subtropical areas, where higher temperatures favor development of its vector, sandflies. This zoonotic disease is caused by infection of protozoa Leishmania spp. and the most serious mucocutaneous and visceral form is produced by Leishmania infantum, which predominates in the Mediterranean region. The usual hosts for this parasite are dogs and humans, but an increment in cases of L. infantum infection has been observed in cats in the last years. This increase could be due to the use of sandflies repellents in dogs, obligating the parasite to looking for other hosts. The role of cats in the epidemiology of this disease is unknown, although increase of prevalence of feline leishmaniosis has been observed in endemic areas in the last years. Diagnostic techniques and treatments in cats are not standardized, which makes it difficult to establish prevalence and epidemiology of feline leishmaniosis. Furthermore, the clinical signs and immune response against Leishmania in cats are different to those in dogs, with an observed increment of drug resistance. It is necessary to increase our knowledge about L. infantum infection in cats, including clinical signs, transmission, treatments, and the role of cats in the increasing of zoonoses. Finally, new alternative treatments are required for controlling the spread of this disease in all species of mammals.
  • 992
  • 07 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Antioxidant System of Poultry with a Focus on Methinonine
The physiological status of poultry can be disturbed by different stressors that may lead to oxidative stress conditions. Oxidative stress activates defense systems, which mitigates the adverse effects. Several lines of the poultry defense system exist, including enzyme systems such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as Glutathione (GSH). Methionine—a vital amino acid in poultry nutrition—plays a significant role in protein synthesis, transsulfuration, and transmethylation and is also involved in several biochemical pathway activations that can affect the antioxidant system.
  • 982
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Danofloxacin Treatment
Fluoroquinolones are medically important broad-spectrum antimicrobials that interfere in bacterial replications by targeting DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV. Some of the fluoroquinolone drugs, such as danofloxacin and enrofloxacin are mainly used as prophylaxis and metaphylaxis on beef farms in the US. Danofloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone used to treat and control bovine respiratory disease associated with Mannhemia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in beef cattle. It is injected subcutaneously at dose of 8 mg/kg body weight once or 6 mg/kg body weight repeated in 48 hours. Danofloxacin is secreted from the blood into the intestinal lumen using different mechanisms, the phenomenon that exposes gut microbiota to its detrimental effects. Similar to orally administered antibiotics, danofloxacin infiltration into the intestine can disrupt gut microbial integrity and select resistance strains. In general, danofloxacin can potentially cause the emergence of antibiotic resistance, transfer of resistance genes between the members of the gut microbial community, contamination of the environment through the shedding of resistance strains and genes with manure, and eventually reaching human pathogens through the food-chain. This study aimed at investigating the collateral effects of danofloxacin administered subcutaneously to young calves on their fecal microbial diversity, resistome (total resistance genes in a sample) profiles and the relative abundance of Campylobacter.
  • 979
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Torque Teno Sus Virus
Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) belongs to the Anelloviridae family. TTSuV is a non-enveloped circular ssDNA virus which frequently infects swine and has been associated with hepatic, respiratory, and autoimmune disorders. TTSuV pathogenic role is still uncertain, and clear data in the literature on virus reservoirs are lacking.
  • 974
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Common Biases, Difficulties, and Errors in Clinical Reasoning in Veterinary Medical Encounters with a Case Example
Clinical reasoning is an essential competence of veterinary graduands. Unfortunately, clinical reasoning and, therefore, the quality of provided veterinary medical services are prone to bias, difficulties, and errors. The literature on biases, difficulties, and errors in clinical reasoning in veterinary medical education is scarce or focused on theoretical rather than practical application. In this review, we address the practicality of learning and teaching biases, difficulties, and errors in clinical reasoning to veterinary learners utilizing a practical example of a cow with a prolapsed uterus complicated by hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. Learners should be guided through all of the stages of clinical reasoning as much as possible under direct supervision. The common clinical biases, difficulties, or errors in veterinary medical encounters may differ between stages of development of the learner, with more difficulties occurring in earlier stages (Observer, Reporter, ±Interpreter) but more heuristic biases occurring at later stages (Manager, Educator, ±Interpreter). However, clinical errors may occur at any learner development stage. Therefore, remediation of clinical biases, difficulties, and errors in veterinary medical encounters should use strategies that are tailored to the level of development of the learner, but also to the specific encounter (e.g., client, patient, and context).
  • 974
  • 21 Jan 2025
Topic Review
General Characteristics and Measurement of the Main Glucocorticoids
The main glucocorticoids involved in the stress response are cortisol and cortisone in most mammals and corticosterone in birds and rodents. Therefore, these analytes are the biomarkers more frequently used to evaluate the physiological response to a stressful situation. In addition, “total glucocorticoids”, which refers to the quantification of various glucocorticoids by immunoassays showing cross-reactivity with different types of glucocorticoids or related metabolites, can be measured.
  • 958
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Wild Felids Blood Group System and Transfusion Medicine
The AB blood group system has been identified in wild felids, as well as in the domestic cat. In both, type A blood seems to be the most common, although the majority of wild felid species exhibit one single blood type, showing that there seems to be variation between species, but not within species, and no evidence of geographical variation was yet found, showing apparently no genetic variability.
  • 957
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Influence of Probiotic Supplementation on Health of Dogs
Probiotics are live microorganisms that deliver health benefits to the host when administrated in an adequate amount. The possible mechanism behind probiotics’ beneficial effects could be their positive regulation of the host’s intestinal microbiota. Probiotics are reported to have therapeutic properties against canine GI and other diseases. 
  • 948
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Ferroptosis in Mycotoxicosis
Mycotoxin contamination has become one of the biggest hidden dangers of food safety, which seriously threatens human health. Understanding the mechanisms by which mycotoxins exert toxicity is key to detoxification. Ferroptosis is an adjustable cell death characterized by iron overload and lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and glutathione (GSH) depletion.
  • 945
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Ehrlichiosis in Dogs
In dogs, ehrlichiosis is caused by three Ehrlichial species, namely Ehrlichia canis, E. ewingii, and E. chaffeensis; however, E. canis is the pathogen that most affects platelets, monocytes, and granulocytes. Globally, Rhipicephalus sanguineus is mainly responsible for vectoring the Ehrlichia species; however, Haemaphysalis longicornis is also involved in vectoring this species in east Asian countries. This disease causes acute, sub-clinical, and chronic clinical complications. There is no preferable age or sex for ehrlichiosis. The disease can be diagnosed by various methods including microscopy, indirect immunofluorescence test (IFAT), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 
  • 944
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Goats in Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii Infection
 Q fever has raised many questions. Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent, is a zoonotic pathogen affecting a wide range of hosts. This airborne organism leads to an obligate, intracellular lifecycle, during which it multiplies in the mononuclear cells of the immune system and in the trophoblasts of the placenta in pregnant females. Although some issues about C. burnetii and its pathogenesis in animals remain unclear, some experimental studies on Q fever have been conducted in goats given their excretion pattern. Goats play an important role in the epidemiology and economics of C. burnetii infections, also being the focus of several epidemiological studies.Variants of the agent implicated in human long-term disease have been found circulating in goats. 
  • 934
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci in Animals and Food Products
Staphylococci are Gram-positive bacteria responsible for a wide variety of suppurative infections in humans and animals. Methicillin resistance acquisition is due to the integration of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), which contains the mecA gene conferring β-lactam resistance. Methicillin-resistance in Staphylococci (MRS) pose a specific problem as they are in general more difficult to treat and may eventually result in death. Those MRS are now also increasingly found in different animal species and may compromise animal health as well as human health through the transmission of those MRS from animals to humans. As such it is important to know the situation of  MRS in animals and in foods.
  • 929
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Livestock-Associated Zoonoses
Human and animal health are intimately connected. This idea has been known for more than a century but now it has gained special importance because of the increasing threat from zoonoses. Zoonosis is defined as any infection naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. As the frequency and prevalence of zoonotic diseases increase worldwide, they become a real threat to public health. In addition, many of the newly discovered diseases have a zoonotic origin. Due to globalization and urbanization, some of these diseases have already spread all over the world, caused by the international flow of goods, people, and animals. However, special attention should be paid to farm animals since, apart from the direct contact, humans consume their products, such as meat, eggs, and milk. Therefore, zoonoses such as salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, tuberculosis, swine and avian influenza, Q fever, brucellosis, Shiga-toxic Escherichia coli (STEC) infections, and listeriosis are crucial for both veterinary and human medicine. Consequently, in the suspicion of any zoonoses outbreak, the medical and veterinary services should closely cooperate to protect the public health. 
  • 923
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacological Efficacy of Baicalin in Inflammatory Diseases
Baicalin is one of the most abundant flavonoids found in the dried roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) belonging to the genus Scutellaria. Baicalin is demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects.
  • 921
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Big Data on the Farm
The demand for poultry meat and eggs is predicted to considerably increase in pace with human population growth. Although this expansion clearly represents a remarkable opportunity for the sector, it conceals a multitude of challenges. Pollution and land erosion, competition for limited resources between animal and human nutrition, animal welfare concerns, limitations on the use of growth promoters and antimicrobial agents, and increasing risks and effects of animal infectious diseases and zoonoses are several topics that have received attention from authorities and the public. The increase in poultry production must be achieved mainly through optimization and increased efficiency. The increasing ability to generate large amounts of data (“big data”) is pervasive in both modern society and the farming industry. Information accessibility—coupled with the availability of tools and computational power to store, share, integrate, and analyze data with automatic and flexible algorithms—offers an unprecedented opportunity to develop tools to maximize farm profitability, reduce socio-environmental impacts, and increase animal and human health and welfare. A detailed description of all topics and applications of big data analysis in poultry farming would be infeasible. The principles and benefits of advanced statistical techniques, such as machine learning and deep learning, and their use in developing effective and reliable classification and prediction models to benefit the farming system, are also discussed.
  • 911
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Bacteriophage Therapy to Control Bovine Mastitis
Bovine mastitis is a polymicrobial disease characterised by inflammation of the udders of dairy and beef cattle. The infection has huge implications to health and welfare of animals, impacting milk and beef production and costing up to EUR 32 billion annually to the dairy industry, globally. Bacterial communities associated with the disease include representative species from Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Actinomyces, Aerococcus, Escherichia, Klebsiella and Proteus. Conventional treatment relies on antibiotics, but antimicrobial resistance, declining antibiotic innovations and biofilm production negatively impact therapeutic efficacy. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses which effectively target and lyse bacteria with extreme specificity and can be a valuable supplement or replacement to antibiotics for bovine mastitis. 
  • 901
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Ultrasonography for Detecting Neoplasms in Dogs and Cats
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is based on the intravenous injection of contrast media constituted by microbubbles. This imaging modality provides information on the tissue perfusion and allows the investigation of macro- and micro-circulation. Studies on different organs and tissues were performed in dogs and cats and revealed a tendency of malignant tumors to present faster transit of the contrast media (time to wash in, peak and wash out). These advanced techniques associated with other imaging modalities can be used as screening tests and can potentially represent an alternative to the invasive sampling methods required for cytological and histopathological analysis.
  • 897
  • 23 Jan 2024
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