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Topic Review
Role of NGF in Inflammation and Tumor Growth
Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a dual role both in inflammatory states and cancer, acting both as a pro-inflammatory and oncogenic factor and as an anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic mediator in a context-dependent way based on the signaling networks and its interaction with diverse cellular components within the microenvironment.
  • 573
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Phenotyping Cocktails Developed
Interethnic and interindividual variability in in vivo cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-dependent metabolism and altered drug absorption via expressed transport channels such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) contribute to the adverse drug reactions, drug–drug interaction and therapeutic failure seen in clinical practice. A cost-effective phenotyping approach could be advantageous in providing real-time information on in vivo phenotypes to assist clinicians with individualized drug therapy, especially in resource-constrained countries such as South Africa. 
  • 571
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Insights into Focal Laryngeal Dystonia
Focal laryngeal dystonia (LD) is a rare, idiopathic disease affecting the laryngeal musculature with an unknown cause and clinically presented as adductor LD or rarely as abductor LD. The most effective treatment options include the injection of botulinum toxin (BoNT) into the affected laryngeal muscle. 
  • 567
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Timeline of Poliomyelitis
This is a timeline of poliomyelitis, describing major events, such as vaccine releases, historic epidemics, and major organizations.
  • 565
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Harvard Medical African Expedition (1926-1927)
The Harvard Medical African Expedition of 1926-1927 was an eight-man venture sent by Harvard University for the primary purpose of conducting a medical and biological survey of Liberia; the secondary purpose being to then cross Africa from coast to coast - west to east - through the Belgian Congo (and other regions) so as to make a comparative study of their Liberian findings. Furthermore, the Liberian interior was next of kin to being terra incognita in the West, there having been no previous medical or scientific survey of the region, nor any recorded expedition into the Liberian hinterlands. The Expedition leader was Richard Pearson Strong (Harvard's first Professor of tropical medicine), with the others being zoologists Harold Jefferson Coolidge Jr. (Assistant Curator of Mammals at Harvard) and Dr. Glover Morrill Allen, entomologist Dr. Joseph Charles Bequaert, botanist and Washington University Professor David H. Linder, bacteriologist Dr. George C. Shattuck, bacteriologist Dr. Max Theiler, and Assistant Ornithologist Loring Whitman (also a Harvard medical student and the Photographer). The Expedition was a success and, while its "chief objective was the investigation of tropical diseases, many zoological specimens were collected and the customs of the native tribes were studied." The story of their travels back and forth across Liberia, and reports of the diseases found that ailed the inhabitants, animals and plants was published in the two-volume The African Republic of Liberia and the Belgian Congo: Based on the Observations Made and Material Collected during the Harvard African Expedition, 1926-1927 written by Dr. Strong in a partnership with other Expedition members and Harvard officials.
  • 555
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Developmental-Behavioral Screening and Surveillance
Early detection of children with developmental-behavioral delays and disabilities is essential to making sure that those with difficulties receive the benefits of early intervention.
  • 546
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Adherence to Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is considered a chronic disease that requires long-term multidisciplinary management for effective treatment. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is still considered the gold standard of therapy. However, CPAP effectiveness is limited due to poor patients’ adherence, as almost 50% of patients discontinue treatment after a year. Several interventions have been used in order to increase CPAP adherence. Mindfulness-based therapies have been applied in other sleep disorders such as insomnia but little evidence exists for their application on OSA patients. 
  • 538
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Management of Vaginal Melanoma
Among the mucosal melanomas, vaginal melanomas are very rare tumors, accounting for less than 20% of melanomas arising from the female genital tract. They occur most frequently in women in post-menopausal age, but younger patients may also experience this neoplasm, mainly located in the lower third of the vagina or the anterior wall. The optimal management of this tumor remains controversial, with surgery reported as the most frequently adopted approach. However, a clear benefit of surgical treatment in terms of survival has not yet been demonstrated. Conversely, radiotherapy may represent an attractive non-invasive alternative, and there are several favorable reports of the role of radiation therapy, either delivered with photons, brachytherapy, or hadrontherapy. 
  • 536
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Telepathology
Telepathology is the practice of pathology at a distance. It uses telecommunications technology to facilitate the transfer of image-rich pathology data between distant locations for the purposes of diagnosis, education, and research. Performance of telepathology requires that a pathologist selects the video images for analysis and the rendering of diagnoses. The use of "television microscopy", the forerunner of telepathology, did not require that a pathologist have physical or virtual "hands-on" involvement in the selection of microscopic fields-of-view for analysis and diagnosis. An academic pathologist, Ronald S. Weinstein, M.D., coined the term "telepathology" in 1986. In a medical journal editorial, Weinstein outlined the actions that would be needed to create remote pathology diagnostic services. He and his collaborators published the first scientific paper on robotic telepathology. Weinstein was also granted the first United States patents for robotic telepathology systems and telepathology diagnostic networks. Weinstein is known to many as the "father of telepathology". In Norway , Eide and Nordrum implemented the first sustainable clinical telepathology service in 1989; this is still in operation decades later. A number of clinical telepathology services have benefited many thousands of patients in North America, Europe, and Asia. Telepathology has been successfully used for many applications, including the rendering of histopathology tissue diagnoses at a distance. Although digital pathology imaging, including virtual microscopy, is the mode of choice for telepathology services in developed countries, analog telepathology imaging is still used for patient services in some developing countries.
  • 529
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Smartphone-Based Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid
Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) is recommended by the World Health Organization for primary cervical cancer screening or triage of human papillomavirus-positive women living in low-resource settings. Nonetheless, traditional VIA with the naked-eye is associated with large variabilities in the detection of pre-cancer and with a lack of quality control. Digital-VIA (D-VIA), using high definition cameras, allows magnification and zooming on transformation zones and suspicious cervical regions, as well as simultaneously compare native and post-VIA images in real-time. The available results to date show that the quality of D-VIA images is satisfactory and enables CIN1/CIN2+ diagnosis, and that a smartphone is a promising tool for cervical cancer screening monitoring and for on- and off-site supervision, and training. The use of artificial intelligence algorithms could soon allow automated and accurate cervical lesion detection.
  • 528
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Genomic Alterations in Melanocytic Tumors
Significant advances in tumor genomics have provided insight into the biology and proliferation of melanocytic tumors. Integration of clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and molecular alterations has given rise to better identification of certain melanocytic proliferations that were most likely previously lumped in the “uncertain biologic potential” category. 
  • 523
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, progressive respiratory disease that is growing in prevalence worldwide. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD 2023) defines COPD “as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, cough, expectoration and/or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis, bronchiolitis) and/or alveoli (emphysema) that cause persistent, often progressive, airflow obstruction.”. GOLD is a well-known international organization, which is working to provide guidelines for COPD diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and management in order to assess the characteristics of COPD at a global scale, and to maximize available resources to support COPD care. In COPD management, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments are mostly administrated together.
  • 517
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Heart Nanotechnology
Heart nanotechnology is the "Engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale" ("Nanotechnology Research").
  • 513
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biomolecules in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a protein belonging to the VEGF family, which is a large group of molecules consisting of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-E, and placental growth factor (PlGF). VEGF is a subfamily of growth factors (GF). VEGF is a multitasking protein that mediates both vasculogenesis (the process of blood vessel formation from endothelial progenitor cells in embryos and adults during tumor growth) and angiogenesis (the formation of blood vessels from pre-existing vessels formed during vasculogenesis, consisting of sprouting and splitting).
  • 495
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cyclic AMP Antagonist Prostaglandylinositol Cyclic Phosphate
The reasons initiating insulin resistance are not identified. Various metabolic derailments have been characterized. These are the outcome and not the initiation of insulin resistance. In animal models of type 2 diabetes and hypertension, a decreased hormonal stimulation of the synthesis of the cyclic AMP antagonist prostaglandylinositol cyclic phosphate (cyclic PIP) was determined. The resultant imbalance of the action of cyclic AMP and cyclic PIP shifts metabolic regulation to the dominance of catabolism and a decrease in imperative anabolism. This dominance develops gradually since the more cyclic AMP dominates, the more the synthesis of cyclic PIP will be inhibited. Vanishing actions of cyclic PIP are its 10-fold activation of glucose uptake in adipocytes, its inhibition of insulin release from pancreatic β-cells, its inhibition of PKA and its 7-fold activation of protein ser/thr phosphatase.
  • 492
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Global Asthma Network
The Global Asthma Network (GAN) is a follow on from the now completed International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). GAN is a collaboration between former members of ISAAC and members of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease(The Union). GAN is a worldwide network of study centres continuing the global surveillance of asthma in children established by ISAAC, and now including the surveillance of asthma in adults. The network aims to improve asthma care globally, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries, through enhanced surveillance, research collaboration, capacity building and access to quality-assured essential medicines. GAN is responsible for the Global Asthma Report, which is released every three years, the most recently in 2014.
  • 470
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Gander RV 400
The Gander RV 400 is a 400-mile (640 km) Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series stock car race held annually at Dover International Speedway in Dover, Delaware, the other one being the Dover 400, the fall race at Dover, for the NASCAR Chase for the Championship, it is the first of two Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races at Dover. The 2007 Autism Speaks 400 presented by Visa marked the first time that a NASCAR Cup race entitlement was dedicated to a non-profit organization, by the race's title sponsor, Visa Inc. Martin Truex Jr. is the defending winner. Starting in 2007 until 2018, Dover International Speedway announced that the 2007 race would be named the “Autism Speaks 400 presented by Visa" , dedicating to increasing understanding and knowledge of autism spectrum disorders; to funding dedicated to eugenics; and to advocating for the needs of affected families. Between 2001 and 2006, the race was broadcast in the United States on FX. Television coverage of the race moved to the Fox network beginning in 2007, but after eight years, the race returned to cable television with Fox Sports 1.
  • 447
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microbiome-Gut Dissociation in the Neonate
In essence, it seems that the prevalence of Immune-related conditions such as obesity and coeliac disease is related to the degradation of the microbiome during the industrialisation of society, and that their nature can be used to infer the functions of the “pre-industrial” microbiome. Based on this analysis, the key point is the necessity for the fully functioning microbiome, acting alongside the parental genetic inheritance of the child, to be in place immediately after birth. This is achieved by the seemingly accidental process of maternal microbial inheritance during normal birth. Note, however, that this is not possible if the microbiome of the mother is itself degraded following previous problems. Under these conditions the health of a child may be affected from the moment of birth, although, with the exception of atopic diseases, such as eczema and food allergy, the consequences may not become apparent until late childhood or as an adult. In this way, this microbiome function deficiency hypothesis incorporates the epidemiological observations of David Strachan and David Barker in that their onset can be traced to early childhood. Coeliac disease has been chosen as an illustrative example of a multifactorial disorder due to the fact that, in addition to a series of immune system manifestations and a potential problem with food absorption, there is also a significant psychological component. Finally, it is worth noting that an ingestible sensor calibrated to the detection of interkingdom communication molecules (semiochemicals) within the intestine may offer a practical way of assessment and, perhaps, amelioration of at least some of the consequences of non-communicable disease.
  • 434
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Inflammatory Complications in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inborn error of immunity that typically manifests with infectious complications. As the name suggest though, inflammatory complications are also common, often affecting the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary tracts and other tissues. These can be seen in all various types of CGD, from X-linked and autosomal recessive to X-linked carriers. The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying these complications are not well understood, but are likely multi-factorial and reflect the body’s attempt to control infections. The different levels of neutrophil residual oxidase activity are thought to contribute to the large phenotypic variations. Immunosuppressive agents have traditionally been used to treat these complications, but their use is hindered by the fact that CGD patients are predisposed to infection. Novel therapeutic agents, like anti-TNFa monoclonal antibodies, anakinra, ustekinumab, and vedolizumab offer promise for the future, while hematopoietic stem cell transplantation should also be considered in these patients. 
  • 427
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Renal Biomarkers and SGLT2i Treatment in Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major health problem worldwide with a steadily increasing prevalence reaching epidemic proportions. The major concern is the increased morbidity and mortality due to diabetic complications. Traditional but also nontraditional risk factors have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Hyperglycemia has been considered an important risk factor, and the strict glycemic control can have a positive impact on microangiopathy but not macroangiopathy and its related morbidity and mortality. Thus, the therapeutic algorithm has shifted focus from a glucose-centered approach to a strategy that now emphasizes target-organ protection. Sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors is an extremely important class of antidiabetic medications that, in addition to their glucose lowering effect, also exhibit cardio- and renoprotective effects. Various established and novel biomarkers have been described, reflecting kidney and cardiovascular function.
  • 424
  • 19 Feb 2024
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