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Topic Review
Orientation Detection Mechanism Based on Artificial Visual System
As an important part of the nervous system, the human visual system can provide visual perception for humans. The research on it is of great significance to improve our understanding of biological vision and the human brain. Orientation detection, in which visual cortex neurons respond only to linear stimuli in specific orientations, is an important driving force in computer vision and biological vision. However, the principle of orientation detection is still unknown. 
  • 679
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Classification of Tumor in Brain Magnetic Resonance Images
Brain tumors can cause serious health complications and lead to death if not detected accurately. Therefore, early-stage detection of brain tumors and accurate classification of types of brain tumors play a major role in diagnosis. Timely detection, diagnosis, and classification of brain tumors have been instrumental in effective treatment planning for the recovery and life extension of the patient. Brain tumor detection is a procedure to differentiate the abnormal tissues for example active tumor tissue, edema tissue from normal tissues for example gray matter, white matter.
  • 679
  • 02 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Shaped-Charge Learning Architecture for the Human–Machine Teams
In spite of great progress in recent years, deep learning (DNN) and transformers have strong limitations for supporting human–machine teams due to a lack of explainability, information on what exactly was generalized, and machinery to be integrated with various reasoning techniques, and weak defense against possible adversarial attacks of opponent team members.
  • 676
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Peripheral Blood Smears Examination by Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a cutting-edge tool, simultaneously accelerating, securing, and enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of patients. An exemplification of this capability is evident in the analysis of peripheral blood smears (PBS). In university medical centers, hematologists routinely examine hundreds of PBS slides daily to validate or correct outcomes produced by advanced hematology analyzers assessing samples from potentially problematic patients. This process may logically lead to erroneous PBC readings, posing risks to patient health. AI functions as a transformative tool, significantly improving the accuracy and precision of readings and diagnoses.
  • 674
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Unique Properties of the Immune System
The human body is unquestionably one of the most complex systems known to humanity. There are three main regulation systems in the human body (the nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system). These three systems are integrated into one ultimate information communication network within the human body. However, each regulation system has its specific roles and unique properties. Consequently, each of these regulation systems has served as inspiration for computational models to efficiently solve real-world problems. An overview of these models and their applications is presented.
  • 673
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Brain Tumor Segmentation from MRI Images
Brain tumor segmentation from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans is critical for the diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring of therapeutic outcomes.
  • 673
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Crack Detection and Segmentation in Concrete Structures
To prevent potential instability, the early detection of cracks is imperative due to the prevalent use of concrete in critical infrastructure. Automated techniques leveraging artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning as the traditional manual inspection methods are time-consuming. The existing automated concrete crack detection algorithms, despite recent advancements, face challenges in robustness, particularly in precise crack detection amidst complex backgrounds and visual distractions, while also maintaining low inference times.
  • 673
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Quantifying Digital Biomarkers for Well-Being
Wearable devices have become ubiquitous, collecting rich temporal data that offers valuable insights into human activities, health monitoring, and behavior analysis. Leveraging these data, researchers have developed innovative approaches to classify and predict time-based patterns and events in human life. Time-based techniques allow the capture of intricate temporal dependencies, which is the nature of the data coming from wearable devices.
  • 670
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning Methods of Small Object Detection
Remote sensing methodology has been increasingly applied in fields such as forest fire detection, iceberg detection, ship detection, floating object detection, and agriculture monitoring. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images can be used to construct two-dimensional images, which can be further reconstructed into multidimensional images if necessary. When the SAR focuses on the target application, such as biomass detection in the forest, ship detection in the ocean, and vehicle count on land, it comprises many small objects. Detecting these small images is less effortless than general object detection in typical images.
  • 669
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Automation of Competency-Based E-Learning Systems
In today’s learning environment, e-learning systems are becoming a necessity. A competency-based student portfolio system is also gaining popularity. Due to the variety of e-learning systems and the increasing mobility of students between different learning institutions or e-learning systems, a higher level of automated competency portfolio integration is required.
  • 663
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Innovations in Sensor-Based Systems and Sustainable Energy Solutions for Smart Agriculture: A Review
Smart agriculture is transforming traditional farming by integrating advanced sensor-based systems, intelligent control technologies, and sustainable energy solutions to meet the growing global demand for food while reducing environmental impact. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent innovations in smart agriculture, focusing on the deployment of IoT-based sensors, wireless communication protocols, energy-harvesting methods, and automated irrigation and fertilization systems. Furthermore, the paper explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), computer vision, and big data analytics in monitoring and managing key agricultural parameters such as crop health, pest and disease detection, soil conditions, and water usage. Special attention is given to decision-support systems, precision agriculture techniques, and the application of remote and proximal sensing technologies like hyperspectral imaging, thermal imaging, and NDVI-based indices. By evaluating the benefits, limitations, and emerging trends of these technologies, this review aims to provide insights into how smart agriculture can enhance productivity, resource efficiency, and sustainability in modern farming systems. The findings serve as a valuable reference for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working towards sustainable agricultural innovation.
  • 663
  • 22 May 2025
Topic Review
Intelligent Virtual Agents
The use of intelligent virtual agents (IVA) to support humans in social contexts will depend on their social acceptability. Acceptance will be related to the human’s perception of the IVAs as well as the IVAs’ ability to respond and adapt their conversation appropriately to the human. Adaptation implies computer-generated speech (synthetic speech), such as text-to-speech (TTS).
  • 662
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Traffic Pattern in Smart Cities
Smart cities have large-scale infrastructures that have been developed to monitor a wide variety of urban occurrences. This is done to improve the quality of urban life. In most instances, they place a very restricted and specific emphasis on (e.g., monitoring the traffic). They are expensive, need the management of specialists, and are not universally well-liked among residents since they focus on topics that are not (often) of public importance. 
  • 662
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
A Sub-Second Method for SAR Image Registration
For Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image registration, successive processes following feature extraction are required by both the traditional feature-based method and the deep learning method. Among these processes, the feature matching process—whose time and space complexity are related to the number of feature points extracted from sensed and reference images, as well as the dimension of feature descriptors—proves to be particularly time consuming. Additionally, the successive processes introduce data sharing and memory occupancy issues, requiring an elaborate design to prevent memory leaks.
  • 662
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Semantic Segmentation of Medical Images
There have been major developments in deep learning in computer vision since the 2010s. Deep learning has contributed to a wealth of data in medical image processing, and semantic segmentation is a salient technique in this field. Lesion detection is one of the primary objectives of medical imaging, as the size and location of lesions are often directly associated with a patient’s diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Since the development of computer vision algorithms, however, researchers have begun to utilize these algorithms in the field of medical imaging.
  • 660
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the abnormalities of the retina in which a diabetic patient suffers from severe vision loss due to an affected retina. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the final and most critical stage of diabetic retinopathy. Abnormal and fragile blood vessels start to grow on the surface of the retina at this stage. It causes retinal detachment, which may lead to complete blindness in severe cases. 
  • 660
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Industrial Drying Hopper Operations
The advancement of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing has made a large amount of industrial process data attainable with the use of sensors installed on machines. This stands true for Industrial Dryer Hoppers, which are used for most polymer manufacturing processes. Insights derived via AI from the collected data allow for improved processes and operations.
  • 660
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning and Neural Networks in Decision Making
The term “deep learning” encompasses the challenge of adjusting the link weights within a deep neural network to achieve a desired input–output mapping. Deep neural networks are computational systems comprising units that resemble neurons and are connected through synapse-like connections. These units transmit scalar values akin to spike rates, which are determined by the total of their inputs or the activity of preceding units multiplied by the strength of the transmitting synapse. One of the formidable challenges faced by scholars and professionals is making decisions based on massive data while considering multiple criteria. The integration of deep learning algorithms into current approaches for handling large datasets has enabled the development of more intelligent decision support systems.
  • 658
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Parasitic Nematode
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN), especially sedentary endoparasitic nematodes like root-knot nematodes (RKN), pose a significant threat to major crops and vegetables. They are responsible for causing substantial yield losses, leading to economic consequences, and impacting the global food supply. The identification of PPNs and the assessment of their population is a tedious and time-consuming task.
  • 658
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
eDenoizer
eDenoizer effectively orchestrates both the denoizer and the model defended by the denoizer simultaneously. In addition, the priority of the CPU side can be projected onto the GPU which is completely priority-agnostic, so that the delay can be minimized when the denoizer and the defense target model are assigned a high priority.
  • 657
  • 08 Oct 2022
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