Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
CovC-ReDRNet
Since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, over 760 million confirmed cases and over 6.8 million deaths have been reported globally, according to the World Health Organization. While the SARS-CoV-2 virus carried by COVID-19 patients can be identified though the reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test with high accuracy, clinical misdiagnosis between COVID-19 and pneumonia patients remains a challenge. Therefore, researchers developed a novel CovC-ReDRNet model to distinguish COVID-19 patients from pneumonia patients as well as normal cases. ResNet-18 was introduced as the backbone model and tailored for the feature representation afterward.
  • 693
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Construction Method of Knowledge Graph for Image Recognition
With the continuous development of artificial intelligence technology and the exponential growth in the number of images, image detection and recognition technology is becoming more widely used. Image knowledge management is extremely urgent. The data source of a knowledge graph is not only the text and structured data but also the visual or auditory data such as images, video, and audio.
  • 691
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Unique Properties of the Immune System
The human body is unquestionably one of the most complex systems known to humanity. There are three main regulation systems in the human body (the nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system). These three systems are integrated into one ultimate information communication network within the human body. However, each regulation system has its specific roles and unique properties. Consequently, each of these regulation systems has served as inspiration for computational models to efficiently solve real-world problems. An overview of these models and their applications is presented.
  • 689
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Stereo Disparity Estimation for Mobile Robots
Stereo cameras allow mobile robots to perceive depth in their surroundings by capturing two separate images from slightly different perspectives. This is necessary for tasks such as obstacle avoidance, navigation, and spatial mapping.
  • 686
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Enhancing Ensemble Learning Using CNN for Spoof Fingerprints
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have demonstrated remarkable success with great accuracy in classification problems. Using an ensemble of neural networks offers a simple yet effective measure to improve performance and robustness beyond that of a single network.
  • 685
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Orientation Detection Mechanism Based on Artificial Visual System
As an important part of the nervous system, the human visual system can provide visual perception for humans. The research on it is of great significance to improve our understanding of biological vision and the human brain. Orientation detection, in which visual cortex neurons respond only to linear stimuli in specific orientations, is an important driving force in computer vision and biological vision. However, the principle of orientation detection is still unknown. 
  • 683
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
CondenseNeXtV2
CondenseNeXtV2 is inspired by and is an improvement over CondenseNeXt convolutional neural network (CNN). The primary goal of CondenseNeXtV2 CNN is to further improve performance and top-1 accuracy of the network. 
  • 683
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Classification of Tumor in Brain Magnetic Resonance Images
Brain tumors can cause serious health complications and lead to death if not detected accurately. Therefore, early-stage detection of brain tumors and accurate classification of types of brain tumors play a major role in diagnosis. Timely detection, diagnosis, and classification of brain tumors have been instrumental in effective treatment planning for the recovery and life extension of the patient. Brain tumor detection is a procedure to differentiate the abnormal tissues for example active tumor tissue, edema tissue from normal tissues for example gray matter, white matter.
  • 683
  • 02 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Shaped-Charge Learning Architecture for the Human–Machine Teams
In spite of great progress in recent years, deep learning (DNN) and transformers have strong limitations for supporting human–machine teams due to a lack of explainability, information on what exactly was generalized, and machinery to be integrated with various reasoning techniques, and weak defense against possible adversarial attacks of opponent team members.
  • 682
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Innovations in Sensor-Based Systems and Sustainable Energy Solutions for Smart Agriculture: A Review
Smart agriculture is transforming traditional farming by integrating advanced sensor-based systems, intelligent control technologies, and sustainable energy solutions to meet the growing global demand for food while reducing environmental impact. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent innovations in smart agriculture, focusing on the deployment of IoT-based sensors, wireless communication protocols, energy-harvesting methods, and automated irrigation and fertilization systems. Furthermore, the paper explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), computer vision, and big data analytics in monitoring and managing key agricultural parameters such as crop health, pest and disease detection, soil conditions, and water usage. Special attention is given to decision-support systems, precision agriculture techniques, and the application of remote and proximal sensing technologies like hyperspectral imaging, thermal imaging, and NDVI-based indices. By evaluating the benefits, limitations, and emerging trends of these technologies, this review aims to provide insights into how smart agriculture can enhance productivity, resource efficiency, and sustainability in modern farming systems. The findings serve as a valuable reference for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working towards sustainable agricultural innovation.
  • 682
  • 22 May 2025
Topic Review
Local Explanation of Practical Industrial AI Applications
Numerous explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) use cases have been developed, to solve numerous real problems in industrial applications while maintaining the explainability level of the used artificial intelligence (AI) models to judge their quality and potentially hold the models accountable if they become corrupted. Therefore, understanding the state-of-the-art methods, pointing out issues, and deriving future directions are important to drive XAI research efficiently. 
  • 681
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Brain Tumor Segmentation from MRI Images
Brain tumor segmentation from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans is critical for the diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring of therapeutic outcomes.
  • 680
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Quantifying Digital Biomarkers for Well-Being
Wearable devices have become ubiquitous, collecting rich temporal data that offers valuable insights into human activities, health monitoring, and behavior analysis. Leveraging these data, researchers have developed innovative approaches to classify and predict time-based patterns and events in human life. Time-based techniques allow the capture of intricate temporal dependencies, which is the nature of the data coming from wearable devices.
  • 676
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Privacy and Security in Sustainable Smart City Applications
Smart city applications that request sensitive user information necessitate a comprehensive data privacy solution. Federated learning (FL), also known as privacy by design, is a new paradigm in machine learning (ML).
  • 676
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning and Neural Networks in Decision Making
The term “deep learning” encompasses the challenge of adjusting the link weights within a deep neural network to achieve a desired input–output mapping. Deep neural networks are computational systems comprising units that resemble neurons and are connected through synapse-like connections. These units transmit scalar values akin to spike rates, which are determined by the total of their inputs or the activity of preceding units multiplied by the strength of the transmitting synapse. One of the formidable challenges faced by scholars and professionals is making decisions based on massive data while considering multiple criteria. The integration of deep learning algorithms into current approaches for handling large datasets has enabled the development of more intelligent decision support systems.
  • 675
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Industrial Drying Hopper Operations
The advancement of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing has made a large amount of industrial process data attainable with the use of sensors installed on machines. This stands true for Industrial Dryer Hoppers, which are used for most polymer manufacturing processes. Insights derived via AI from the collected data allow for improved processes and operations.
  • 673
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning Building Blocks
Industry 4.0 characterizes the transformation from traditional automation to engineered cyber-physical systems with human-like intelligence. Indeed, this gives Artificial Intelligence (AI) the privilege of playing a central role in Industry 4.0. Moreover, the leading branch of AI turned out to be deep learning (DL). DL is an essential subfield of machine learning (ML) characterized by its layered structure of artificial neural networks (ANNs). 
  • 671
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cross-Domain Sentiment Analysis in IoT
Social media is a real-time social sensor to sense and collect diverse information, which can be combined with sentiment analysis to help IoT sensors provide user-demanded favorable data in smart systems. In the case of insufficient data labels, cross-domain sentiment analysis aims to transfer knowledge from the source domain with rich labels to the target domain that lacks labels. Most domain adaptation sentiment analysis methods achieve transfer learning by reducing the domain differences between the source and target domains, but little attention is paid to the negative transfer problem caused by invalid source domains. 
  • 669
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Automation of Competency-Based E-Learning Systems
In today’s learning environment, e-learning systems are becoming a necessity. A competency-based student portfolio system is also gaining popularity. Due to the variety of e-learning systems and the increasing mobility of students between different learning institutions or e-learning systems, a higher level of automated competency portfolio integration is required.
  • 668
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Quality of OpenStreetMap Data
OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a potential source of geospatial open data for monitoring sustainable development goals (SDG) indicators. Improving the quality of these crowdsourcing data has significant implications for monitoring and achieving SDGs, such as zero hunger, sustainable cities, ensuring tenure security, and preserving biodiversity. The quality of OpenStreetMap (OSM) has been widely concerned as a valuable source for monitoring some sustainable development goals (SDG) indicators. Improving its semantic quality is still challenging. As a kind of solution, road type prediction plays an important role. However, most existing algorithms show low accuracy, owing to data sparseness and inaccurate description. 
  • 668
  • 19 Dec 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 59
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback