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Topic Review
Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor
Sepsis is a life-threatening complication of an infectious process that results from the excessive and uncontrolled activation of the host’s pro-inflammatory immune response to a pathogen. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, which is a major component of Gram-negative bacteria’s outer membrane, plays a key role in the development of Gram-negative sepsis and septic shock in humans. To date, no specific and effective drug against sepsis has been developed.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lipoprotein Apheresis
Combined with high Lp(a) levels, familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) leads to a greater CVD risk. In suspected FH patients, the proportion of cases explained by a rise of Lp(a) levels ranges between 5% and 20%. In the absence of a specific pharmacological approach able to lower Lp(a) to the extent required to achieve CV benefits, the most effective strategy today is lipoprotein apheresis (LA).
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Vitamin C Anticancer Action
Vitamin C is an indispensable micronutrient in the human diet due to the multiple functions it carries out in the body. Reports of clinical studies have indicated that, when administered at high dosage by the intravenous route, vitamin C may exert beneficial antitumor effects in patients with advanced stage cancers, including those refractory to previous treatment with chemotherapy. 
  • 1.3K
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Epigenomic Dysregulation in Schizophrenia
       Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with a complex array of signs and symptoms that causes very significant disability in young people. While schizophrenia has a strong genetic component, with heritability around 80%, there is also a very significant range of environmental exposures and stressors that have been implicated in disease development and neuropathology, such as maternal immune infection, obstetric complications, childhood trauma and cannabis exposure. It is postulated that epigenetic factors, as well as regulatory non-coding RNAs, mediate the effects of these environmental stressors. In this review, we explore the most well-known epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation and histone modification, along with emerging RNA mediators of epigenomic state, including miRNAs and lncRNAs, and discuss their collective potential for involvement in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia implicated through the postmortem analysis of brain tissue. Given that peripheral tissues, such as blood, saliva, and olfactory epithelium have the same genetic composition and are exposed to many of the same environmental exposures, we also examine some studies supporting the application of peripheral tissues for epigenomic biomarker discovery in schizophrenia. Finally, we provide some perspective on how these biomarkers may be utilised to capture a signature of past events that informs future treatment.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Rumex Species
Today, more than ever, the search for non-trivial sources of biologically active substances is critical. Plants of the genus Rumex are noteworthy. Plants of this genus stand out for a number of advantages from the dominant plant core of meadow phytocenoses of the temperate climatic zone: a short growing season, an intensive increase in biomass, and undemanding growth conditions. In addition, this plant genus is known as a super-producer of secondary phenolic compounds.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ribonucleoside Hydrolase Structure
Ribonucleoside hydrolases are enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of ribonucleosides to nitrogenous bases and ribose. These enzymes are found in many organisms: bacteria, archaea, protozoa, metazoans, yeasts, fungi and plants.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Apoptosis-Associated Protein Domains
There are proteins or families of proteins that regulate the caspase activation pathways, namely, the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways, and they are identified depending on their amino acid sequence or homologue. The interactions facilitated by these protein families are driven through protein domains that are linked with the regulation of apoptosis, such as death domains (DDs), caspase recruitment domains (CARDs), death effector domains (DEDs), BCL-2 family proteins and of IAP-family proteins.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Insights into the Pharmacological Effects of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are widely occurring secondary metabolites of plants. Currently, there is a trend of article numbers increasing, which focuses on the computer modeling of flavonoid interactions with biological targets. Such studies help to accumulatethe data on lead compounds that can find medicinal implementation, including COVID-19. Flavanonol taxifolin demonstrated wound-healing activity. Luteolin, apigenin, and wogonin, which can be classified as flavones, show induced neutrophil apoptosis and have potential as neutrophil apoptosis-inducing anti-inflammatory, proresolution agents.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Methods for Liquid Biopsy
The screening and early diagnosis of diseases are crucial for a patient’s treatment to be successful and to improve their survival rate, especially for cancer. The development of non-invasive analytical methods able to detect the biomarkers of pathologies is a critical point to define a successful treatment and a good outcome. A biopsy is a technique in which tissue samples are taken from the body and examined under a microscope to see if cancer (though the concept is applicable to many other diseases) or abnormal cells are present. Electrochemical methods, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and cyclic voltammetry (CV), play a crucial role in both the development of biosensors and the evaluation of their performance. These methods are highly valuable approaches in the field of liquid biopsy.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Molecular Basis of Fragile X-Premutation-Associated Conditions
The premutation of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene is characterized by an expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeats (55 to 200 CGGs) in the 5’ untranslated region and increased levels of FMR1 mRNA. Molecular mechanisms leading to fragile X-premutation-associated conditions (FXPAC) include cotranscriptional R-loop formations, FMR1 mRNA toxicity through both RNA gelation into nuclear foci and sequestration of various CGG-repeat-binding proteins, and the repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN)-initiated translation of potentially toxic proteins.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Biosynthesis of Non-Canonical Amino Acids
The functional pool of canonical amino acids (cAAs) has been enriched through the emergence of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs). NcAAs play a crucial role in the production of various pharmaceuticals. The biosynthesis of ncAAs has emerged as an alternative to traditional chemical synthesis due to its environmental friendliness and high efficiency.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Aberrant BMP2 Signaling
The most common bone disease in humans is osteoporosis (OP). Current therapeutics targeting OP have several negative side effects. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) is a potent growth factor that is known to activate both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. It completes these actions through both SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent signaling. A novel interaction between the BMP type Ia receptor (BMPRIa) and casein kinase II (CK2) was discovered, and several CK2 phosphorylation sites were identified. A corresponding blocking peptide (named CK2.3) was designed to further elucidate the phosphorylation site’s function. Previously, CK2.3 demonstrated an increased osteoblast activity and decreased osteoclast activity in a variety of animal models, cell lines, and isolated human osteoblasts. It is hypothesized that CK2.3 completes these actions through the BMP signaling pathway. Furthermore, it was recently discovered that BMP2 did not elicit an osteogenic response in osteoblasts from patients diagnosed with OP, while CK2.3 did.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
ZMYND8
Zinc finger myeloid, nervy, and deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor 1-type containing 8 (Zinc finger MYND-type containing 8, ZMYND8) is a transcription factor, a histone H3-interacting protein, and a putative chromatin reader/effector that plays an essential role in regulating transcription during normal cellular growth. Mutations and altered expression of ZMYND8 are associated with the development and progression of cancer. Increased expression of ZMYND8 is linked to breast, prostate, colorectal, and cervical cancers. It exerts pro-oncogenic effects in breast and prostate cancers, and it promotes angiogenesis in zebrafish, as well as in breast and prostate cancers. In contrast, downregulation of ZMYND8 is also reported in breast, prostate, and nasopharyngeal cancers. ZMYND8 acts as a tumor suppressor in breast and prostate cancers, and it inhibits tumor growth by promoting differentiation; inhibiting proliferation, cell-cycle progression, invasiveness, and metastasis; and maintaining the epithelial phenotype in various types of cancers. These data together suggest that ZMYND8 is important in tumorigenesis; however, the existing data are contradictory. More studies are necessary to clarify the exact role of ZMYND8 in tumorigenesis. In the future, regulation of expression/activity of ZMYND8 and/or its binding partners may become useful in treating cancer.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Protein Translocation to Endosymbiotic Organelles
The problem with increasing the yield of recombinant proteins is resolvable using different approaches, including the transport of a target protein to cell compartments with a low protease activity. In the cell, protein targeting involves short-signal peptide sequences recognized by intracellular protein transport systems. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Omega-3 LCPUFAs against Age-Related Cognitive Impairment
Among nutrients to cope with aging in special cognitive decline, the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have emerged as very promising ones. Due to their neuroinflammatory resolving effects, an increased status of DHA and EPA in the elderly has been linked to better cognitive function and a lower risk of dementia. Recently, supplementation with structured forms of EPA and DHA, which can be derived natural forms or targeted structures, have proven enhanced bioavailability and powerful benefits. 
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Dictyostelium discoideum
Dictyostelium discoideum has provided a useful, simple model to aid in unraveling the complex pathological characteristics of neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses and lissencephaly. 
  • 1.3K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Biotechnological Tools to Develop Abiotic Stress-Tolerant Plants
Biotechnological tools include several methods used for plants to develop tolerance to abiotic stress. The genetic transformation of tomato relies highly on the tissue culture technique. Advances in the field of plant genetic transformation have enabled the identification of genes that are responsible for tolerance to different environmental stresses. Various biotechnological tools can be used to alter the tomato genes so that this species can more rapidly or better adapt to abiotic stress. Further advancement in understanding the genomics of wild relatives of tomatoes and other Solanaceae has facilitated their exploitation in various breeding programs aiming to introgress genes responsible for abiotic stress resistance in cultivars.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Chitosan-Based Delivery Systems for Carotenoids
Carotenoids are secondary metabolites present in microorganisms (bacteria, yeast, fungi, and microalgae) and higher plants. They cannot be produced by the human organism. In nature, their principal role is to attract different light wavelengths and transfer their energy to chlorophylls, a function occurring mainly in photosynthetic organisms. Moreover, they can act as photo-protectors, precursors of hormonal substances, antistress secondary metabolites, and attractive agents in plant–insect interaction.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Relationship between D-Amino Acids and Schizophrenia
D-amino acids may play key roles for specific physiological functions in different organs including the brain. Importantly, D-amino acids have been detected in several neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and age-related disorders, reflecting the disease conditions. Relationships between D-amino acids and neurophysiology may involve the significant contribution of D-Serine or D-Aspartate to the synaptic function, including neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Gut-microbiota could play important roles in the brain-function, since bacteria in the gut provide a significant contribution to the host pool of D-amino acids. In addition, the alteration of the composition of the gut microbiota might lead to schizophrenia. Furthermore, D-amino acids are known as a physiologically active substance, constituting useful biomarkers of several brain disorders including schizophrenia.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
The Response of Primary Metabolites to Abiotic Stresses
Several environmental stresses, including biotic and abiotic factors, adversely affect the growth and development of crops, thereby lowering their yield. However, abiotic factors, e.g., drought, salinity, cold, heat, ultraviolet radiations (UVr), reactive oxygen species (ROS), trace metals (TM), and soil pH, are extremely destructive and decrease crop yield worldwide. The response of different plant species to such stresses is a complex phenomenon with individual features for several species. Metabolomics is a promising way to interpret biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The study of metabolic profiling revealed different types of metabolites, e.g., amino acids, carbohydrates, phenols, polyamines, terpenes, etc, which are accumulated in plants. Among all, primary metabolites, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids polyamines, and glycine betaine, are considered the major contributing factors that work as osmolytes and osmoprotectants for plants from various environmental stress factors. Therefore, metabolomics practices are becoming essential and influential in plants by identifying different phytochemicals that are part of the acclimation responses to various stimuli.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Mar 2023
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