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Topic Review
Comparison of Histone H3K4me3
Histones are alkaline proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes. H3K4me3 is highly enriched in gene promoter regions. A gain in H3K4me3 enrichment is associated with active gene transcription, open chromatin, and loss of DNA methylation. H3K4me3 has been adopted as a marker to identify transcriptionally active genes.
  • 990
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
In Vitro Human Cancer Models for Biomedical Applications
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and its incidence is steadily increasing. Although years of research have been conducted on cancer treatment, clinical treatment options for cancers are still limited. Animal cancer models have been widely used for studies of cancer therapeutics, but these models have been associated with many concerns, including inaccuracy in the representation of human cancers, high cost and ethical issues. Therefore, in vitro human cancer models are being developed quickly to fulfill the increasing demand for more relevant models in order to get a better knowledge of human cancers and to find novel treatments.
  • 989
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Deubiquitinases in Regulated Cell Death
The mechanisms and physiological implications of regulated cell death (RCD) have been extensively studied. Among the regulatory mechanisms of RCD, ubiquitination and deubiquitination enable post-translational regulation of signaling by modulating substrate degradation and signal transduction. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are involved in diverse molecular pathways of RCD. Some DUBs modulate multiple modalities of RCD by regulating various substrates and are powerful regulators of cell fate.
  • 988
  • 05 May 2021
Topic Review
Natural Compounds against RNA Viruses
Natural products from plants or other organisms are a rich source of structurally novel chemical compounds including antivirals. Indeed, in traditional medicine, many pathological conditions have been treated using plant-derived medicines. Thus, the identification of novel alternative antiviral agents is of critical importance.
  • 988
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Calcium Signaling Regulates Autophagy
Calcium (Ca2+) functions as a second messenger that is critical in regulating fundamental physiological functions such as cell growth/development, cell survival, neuronal development and/or the maintenance of cellular functions. The coordination among various proteins/pumps/Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ storage in various organelles is critical in maintaining cytosolic Ca2+ levels that provide the spatial resolution needed for cellular homeostasis. An important regulatory aspect of Ca2+ homeostasis is a store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) mechanism that is activated by the depletion of Ca2+ from internal ER stores and has gained much attention for influencing functions in both excitable and non-excitable cells.
  • 988
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
NSCLC 3D Models
Hypoxia is the most common microenvironment feature of lung cancer tumors, which affects cancer progression, metastasis and metabolism. Oxygen induces both proteomic and genomic changes within tumor cells, which cause many alternations in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This study defines current knowledge in the field of tumor hypoxia in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including biology, biomarkers, in vitro and in vivo studies and also hypoxia imaging and detection. While classic two-dimensional (2D) in vitro research models reveal some hypoxia dependent manifestations, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models more accurately replicate the hypoxic TME.
  • 988
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
The Potential of Probiotics
Probiotics, by definition, are live microorganisms, and should remain viable when they reach the intended site of action, which is typically the cecum and/or the colon.
  • 987
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response for Therapy
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is a mechanism aimed to preserve or repair damaged mitochondria. UPRmt is responsible for maintaining mitochondrial proteostasis via mitochondrial activation of a transcriptional program in the nuclear DNA. This compensation system can be divided into three main pathways: activation of (1) chaperones, which boost refolding of misfolded proteins to restore them to their functional conformation and assist the folding of newly synthesized proteins; (2) proteases that are able to degrade aberrant proteins or aggregates; and (3) an antioxidant system that palliates ROS overproduction. Although human UPRmt is not fully understood, it is gaining relevance in a variety of physiological processes on top of its canonical function, such as ageing, oxidative stress resistance, hematopoietic stem cell maintenance, glycolysis, antibacterial immunity, coenzyme Q biosynthesis, and mitochondrial fission. Loss of mitochondrial proteostasis is the main UPRmt inducer. Accumulation of damaged proteins exceeding the protein-processing capacity of the chaperones and proteases in mitochondria would activate UPRmt, for instance. Additionally, factors interfering with mitochondrial function promote UPRmt induction. Examples of these are the inhibition of complex I by rotenone, bacterial toxins, knockdown of quality control proteins, or generation of excess ROS by paraquat.
  • 987
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Autophagy in Polyglutamine
Polyglutamine diseases are a group of congenital neurodegenerative diseases categorized with genomic abnormalities in the expansion of CAG triplet repeats in coding regions of specific disease-related genes. Autophagy is defined as the degradation of intracellular components within the lysosome; self-eating.
  • 987
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Applications of the Comet Assay in Plant Studies
Contrarily to chronic stresses, acute (i.e., fast and dramatic) changes in environmental factors like temperature, radiation, concentration of toxic substances, or pathogen attack often lead to DNA damage. Some of the stress factors are genotoxic, i.e., they damage the DNA via physical interactions or via interference with DNA replication/repair machinery. However, cytotoxic factors, i.e., those that do not directly damage the DNA, can lead to secondary genotoxic effects either via the induction of the production of reactive oxygen, carbon, or nitrogen species, or via the activation of programmed cell death and related endonucleases. The extent of this damage, as well as the ability of the cell to repair it, represent a significant part of plant stress responses. Information about DNA damage is important for physiological studies as it helps to understand the complex adaptive responses of plants and even to predict the outcome of the plant’s exposure to acute stress. Single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) provides a convenient and relatively inexpensive tool to evaluate DNA strand breaks in the different organs of higher plants, as well as in unicellular algae. Comet assays are widely used in ecotoxicology and biomonitoring applications.
  • 987
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Giant Multinucleated Cells in Aging and Senescence
Aging is a progressive decline of an organism over time. In contrast, senescence occurs throughout an organism’s lifespan. It is a cell-cycle arrest preventing the proliferation of damaged cells. Cellular and molecular senescence timing is crucial for the pace of aging and disease development and progression. The accumulation of senescent cells during a lifespan leads to organismal senescence. Senescent multinucleated giant cells are present in many age-related diseases and cancer. Although senescence was assumed to be irreversible, studies now show that senescent multinucleated giant cells overcome senescence in various cancers, becoming the source of highly aggressive mononucleated stem-like cells, which divide and initiate tumor development and progression.
  • 986
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase and 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Oxidase in Abiotic Stress
Ethylene is an essential plant hormone, critical in various physiological processes. These processes include seed germination, leaf senescence, fruit ripening, and the plant’s response to environmental stressors. Ethylene biosynthesis is tightly regulated by two key enzymes, namely 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO). Under normal developmental processes, ACS and ACO collaborate to maintain balanced ethylene production, ensuring proper plant growth and physiology. However, under abiotic stress conditions, such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, or pathogen attack, the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis becomes critical for plants’ survival.
  • 986
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Glycosylated Molluscan Hemocyanins
The molluscan hemocyanins have complex carbohydrate structures with predominant N-linked glycans. Determination of glycans and glycopeptides was performed with the most common used methods for the analysis of biomolecules, including peptides and proteins like MALDI-TOF-TOF (time of flight), LC/ESI-MS, LC-Q-trap-MS/MS nano-ESI-MS and others. A novel acidic glycan structures with specific glycosylation positions were observed in Rapana venosa, Helix lucorum, Haliotis tuberculata, e.g. hemocyanins that enable a deeper insight into the glycosylation process.
  • 985
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
γδ T Cells in ARDs
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs), affecting ~1–1.5% of all humans, are associated with considerable life long morbidity and early mortality. Early studies in the 1990s showed numerical changes of the recently discovered γδ T cells in the peripheral blood and in affected tissues of patients with a variety of ARDs, kindling interest in their role in the immuno-pathogenesis of these chronic inflammatory conditions. Indeed, later studies applied rapid developments in the understanding of γδ T cell biology, including antigens recognized by γδ T cells, their developmental programs, states of activation, and cytokine production profiles, to analyze their contribution to the pathological immune response in these disorders.
  • 985
  • 14 May 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Nitrergic Enteric Neurons
Nitrergic enteric neurons are key players of the descending inhibitory reflex of intestinal peristalsis, therefore loss or damage of these neurons can contribute to developing gastrointestinal motility disturbances suffered by patients worldwide. There is accumulating evidence that the vulnerability of nitrergic enteric neurons to neuropathy is strictly region-specific and that the two main enteric plexuses display different nitrergic neuronal damage. Alterations both in the proportion of the nitrergic subpopulation and in the total number of enteric neurons suggest that modification of the neurochemical character or neuronal death occurs in the investigated gut segments. 
  • 985
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Sirtuins in Breast and Prostate Cancer
In mammals, seven sirtuins (SIRT1–7) have been identified, which primarily function as NAD-dependent deacetylases (SIRT1–3 and SIRT5–7) and ADP-ribosyl transferases (SIRT4 and 6). Additionally, sirtuins have been reported to function as demyristoylases (SIRT1–3 and 6), lipoamidases (SIRT4), and desuccinylases/demalonylases/deglutarylases (SIRT5). The forcus herein is the information on the tumor promotion or suppression roles of SIRT1–7 in breast and prostate cancers. Precisely, it is highlighted that sirtuins regulate various proteins implicated in proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, chemoresistance, invasion, migration, and metastasis of both breast and prostate cancer.
  • 985
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
The interaction of the cellular environment surrounding the tumor plays a relevant role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis. The tumor microenvironment is directly implicated in the modulation of liver fibrosis, the process of hepatocarcinogenesis, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and metastasis. Besides liver cancer cells, several cell types participate in the tumor progression in the liver. 
  • 983
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Muscle Regeneration and RNA
In skeletal muscle, regeneration is driven by a reservoir of resident progenitors, called satellite cells, able to efficiently replenish damaged muscle [44]. These cells are not present in the adult cardiac muscle, although a regenerative response, mediated by the proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes, occurs in mice during the first week of life [45,46,47]. Temporal and tissue-specific nuances in the process of regeneration may underlie the participation of still unknown protagonists, whose ability to fine-tune myogenic expression becomes critical in both physiological and pathological conditions. The peculiar properties of RNA, along with its tissue specificity, satisfy the requirements for its integration in regenerative networks and will surely pave the way for future applications in medicine.
  • 982
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
PPARs in Cancer Stromal Cells
Most anticancer therapies target malignant cancer cells while largely ignoring the surrounding noncancer cell components of the tumor or TME. The TME or tumor stroma comprises nonmalignant host cellular and acellular components, including, but not limited to, fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells, fat cells, and noncellular components of the tumor niche such as the basement membrane and ECM. Although most normal host cells in the stroma possess certain tumor-suppressing abilities, the stroma will change during malignancy, causing the tumor stromal cells to confer pro- or anti-tumor properties in a context- and cell type-dependent manner. Over the past decades, the role of the TME in determining every aspect of cancer progression and the efficacy of treatment has become evident. The functions of PPARs in these stromal cells are increasingly appreciated and have direct or indirect impacts on cancer progression.
  • 981
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Gliomas
Gliomas are a group of primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) originating from glial cells. It was estimated that gliomas account for nearly a quarter of all primary CNS tumors. The management of malignant gliomas poses several challenges, in part due to the heterogeneous and resistant nature of neoplasm, as well as the obstacles faced when administering high-dose radiation and chemotherapy in tissue as vulnerable as that of the CNS. These difficulties are due to the tumor’s aggressiveness and the adverse effects of radio/chemotherapy on the brain. Stem cell therapy is an exciting area of research being explored for several medical issues.
  • 980
  • 24 Mar 2021
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