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Topic Review
Noxious Alien Plant Species Bidens pilosa
Bidens pilosa L., belonging to the Asteraceae family, is an annual (or biennial) herbaceous plant. The species grows 20–180 cm tall, and the stems are quadrangular with hairy straggling branches. It has alternate leaves with 3–5 pinnate leaflets, which are supported by a petiole (10–70 mm long). The leaflets are broadly ovate, serrate, and 30–70 mm long and 12–18 mm wide. Capitula occur at the end of the main stems and lateral branches and expand 5–12 mm in diameter. Capitula consist of 0–8 ray florets and 35–55 disk florets. The corollas of the ray florets are 7–15 mm long and white–yellow. The ray florets have poorly developed pistils and lack stamens. The disk florets have 3–5 mm long yellow corollas, five stamens, and well-developed 2–3 mm long pistils. Its fruits are black liner cypselae with 2–5 stiff awns of 2–4 mm long. The species often forms thick monospecific stands. 
  • 301
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pesticide Residues on the Gut-Microbiota–Blood–Brain Barrier Axis
The intestinal barrier (IB) and blood–brain barrier (BBB) are considered immunological and physical barriers. Each barrier not only provides protection against invading pathogens but is also important for controlling the microenvironment of the tissue and, therefore, tightly regulates the movement of the molecules and ions between the cellular spaces. These barriers have many similarities in their mechanisms of action despite providing defense in very different environments. Unlike the BBB, the IB is constantly exposed to food antigens and contaminants and is colonized by a collection of bacteria and microorganisms’ antigens of the microbiota. The gut microbiota (GM) is a real organ system that includes a diverse and complex population of microorganisms colonizing the digestive tract and having a symbiotic host’s relationship that helps to maintain a dynamic metabolic and ecological balance.
  • 300
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Monocytes in Tumorigenesis and Tumor Immunotherapy
Monocytes are highly plastic innate immune cells that display significant heterogeneity during homeostasis, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Tumor-induced systemic and local microenvironmental changes influence the phenotype, differentiation, and distribution of monocytes. Meanwhile, monocytes and their related cell subsets perform an important regulatory role in the development of many cancers by affecting tumor growth or metastasis. Thanks to recent advances in single-cell technologies, the nature of monocyte heterogeneity and subset-specific functions have become increasingly clear, making it possible to systematically analyze subset-specific roles of monocytes in tumorigenesis.
  • 300
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Phosphoinositides Scaffolding Complexes in Autophagy
Cytoplasmic phosphoinositides (PI) are critical regulators of the membrane–cytosol interface that control a myriad of cellular functions despite their low abundance among phospholipids. The metabolic cycle that generates different PI species is crucial to their regulatory role, controlling membrane dynamics, vesicular trafficking, signal transduction, and other key cellular events. The synthesis of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (PI3,4,5P3) in the cytoplamic PI3K/Akt pathway is central to the life and death of a cell. 
  • 300
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Onco-Breastomics: An Eco-Evo-Devo Holistic Approach
Many mechanisms of cancer progression have been explained by principles of ecology, developmental biology, and evolutionary paradigms. Many authors have discussed ecological, developmental, and evolutionary strategies for more successful anti-cancer therapies, or for understanding the ecological, developmental, and evolutionary bases of breast cancer (BC) exploitable vulnerabilities. Researchers use the integrated framework of three well known ecological theories: the Bronfenbrenner’s theory of human development, the Vannote’s River Continuum Concept (RCC), and the Ecological Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Eco-Evo-Devo) theory, to explain and understand several eco-evo-devo-based principles that govern BC progression.
  • 300
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
In Utero Origins of Acute Leukemia in Children
Acute leukemias, mainly consisting of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), comprise a major diagnostic group among hematologic cancers. Due to the early age at onset of ALL, particularly, it has long been suspected that acute leukemias of childhood may have an in utero origin. 
  • 298
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Apoptosis in Brief
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a vital biological process crucial for tissue balance, embryonic development, and removing damaged cells. Discovered in the 1970s, it has been extensively researched, revealing intricate molecular pathways. This research explores apoptosis comprehensively, focusing on its roles in tissue maintenance, embryogenesis, and disease. It delves into molecular mechanisms, regulatory proteins, and implications for conditions like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, it highlights apoptosis's pivotal role in immunology, shaping the adaptive immune response. Understanding apoptosis offers valuable insights into various fields of biology and medicine, promising therapeutic advancements and deeper comprehension of life's intricacies.
  • 297
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Behavioral Ecology of European Plethodontid Salamanders
Plethodontid salamanders (family Plethodontidae) are often used as model organisms to better understand different aspects of behavioral adaptation. This contributed to increase the interest from ethologists and evolutionary biologists regarding amphibian behavioral ecology. The recent advancements on the behavioral ecology of European cave salamanders belonging to the genus Speleomantes are presented herein. Several aspects of Speleomantes behavior were investigated, such as trophic strategies and parental care, while others were neglected, in particular, chemical communication at the intraspecfic level. Possible future directions for successful research should integrate field observations and planned experiments to understand those topics still uninvestigated (e.g., chemical communication and behavioral adaptation that facilitate the permanent colonization of subterranean habitats).
  • 297
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Anatomopathology in Animal Models
Anatomopathology in animal models is a critical discipline that involves the study of tissue and organ changes in animals, often mammals, to advance our understanding of diseases and assess potential treatments. Through the examination of tissues and organs, researchers gain insights into disease mechanisms, validate therapeutic targets, and ensure the safety of new drugs. Ethical considerations regarding the humane treatment of animals and the responsible use of animal models are paramount. Emerging trends, such as non-invasive imaging techniques, genetically engineered models, and the integration of multi-omic data, promise to refine and expand the scope of anatomopathological research. This field plays a pivotal role in bridging the gap between basic science discoveries and clinical applications, ultimately contributing to improved healthcare for both humans and animals.
  • 294
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Role of  Altered Gut Microbiome in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating multisystemic disorder affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Accumulating evidence suggests a potential interaction between gut microbiota and the pathophysiology of the disease. As a result of the degradation of dopaminergic neurons, PD patients develop motor impairments such as tremors, rigidity, and slowness of movement. These motor features are preceded by gastrointestinal issues, including constipation. Given these gastrointestinal issues, the gut has emerged as a potential modulator of the neurodegenerative cascade of PD. 
  • 293
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Cancers and Cardiovascular Diseases
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-bound vesicles used by cells to deliver biological cargo such as proteins, mRNA, and other biomolecules from one cell to another, thus inducing a specific response in the target cell and are a powerful method of cell to cell and organ to organ communication, especially during the pathogenesis of human disease. 
  • 291
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Selective Vulnerability to Neurodegenerative Disease
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) manifest a wide variety of clinical symptoms depending on the affected brain regions. Gaining insights into why certain regions are resistant while others are susceptible is vital for advancing therapeutic strategies. While gene expression changes offer clues about disease responses across brain regions, the mixture of cell types therein obscures experimental results. 
  • 290
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Anti-Microbial, Anti-Viral, and Anti-Fungal Activity of Māmaki
In Hawaii, the plants P. albidus, P. forbesii, P. kauaiensis, and P. ruber are collectively known as māmaki in ethnomedicine, where P. albidus predominates. Farmed māmaki is becoming increasingly popular in Hawaii and the United States. Māmaki teas (such as bottled Shaka tea) are the dominant product. Historically, māmaki has been utilized for its medicinal properties, promoting well-being and good health through consuming tea made from its leaves, ingesting its fruit, and incorporating it into ointments.
  • 288
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Exosome and miRNA Regulation in Drug Resistance
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, have an important role thanks to their ability to communicate and exchange information between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME), and have also been associated with communicating anti-cancer drug resistance (DR). The increase in proliferation of cancer cells alters oxygen levels, which causes hypoxia and results in a release of exosomes by the cancer cells. miRNAs play a fundamental role, as they can activate changes in gene expression. Additionally, a growing number of studies have associated microRNAs to DR, demonstrating their regulatory role even in the therapy response of hematological tumors.
  • 287
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Peroxidation Assays
This research comprehensively explores the techniques for evaluating lipid peroxidation, a critical process in oxidative stress implicated in various diseases. Direct methods, including TBARS assay, HPLC-based analyses, GC-MS, EPR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry imaging, offer precise quantification of lipid peroxidation products. Indirect methods, such as LOOH assays, conjugated dienes assays, F2-isoprostane assays, antioxidant capacity assays, and EMSA, provide insights into downstream effects and antioxidant responses. Balancing specificity and accessibility, these methods collectively advance our understanding of lipid peroxidation's role in health and disease. Integrating these techniques with emerging technologies promises to drive further innovation and therapeutic discoveries in oxidative stress-related conditions.
  • 286
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hypoxia's Influence on Bone Remodeling Molecular Pathways
Bone remodeling is a crucial physiological process for maintaining skeletal health. It focuses on the central roles of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, as well as the composition of the bone's extracellular matrix. Furthermore, it explores the impact of hypoxia, or low oxygen levels, on bone health and elucidates the responsible molecular mechanisms. While bone remodeling units (BMUs), their cellular components, and the phases of the remodeling cycle remain not fully understood, the text also addresses systemic and local factors, including the critical RANK-RANKL-OPG pathway, that govern bone remodeling. This contributes to a comprehensive understanding of this intricate biological process.
  • 285
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Aquaporins in Astrocytes
Astrocytes have distinctive morphological and functional characteristics, and are found throughout the central nervous system. Astrocytes are now known to be far more than just housekeeping cells in the brain. Their functions include contributing to the formation of the blood–brain barrier, physically and metabolically supporting and communicating with neurons, regulating the formation and functions of synapses, and maintaining water homeostasis and the microenvironment in the brain. Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane proteins responsible for fast water movement across cell membranes. Various subtypes of AQPs (AQP1, AQP3, AQP4, AQP5, AQP8 and AQP9) have been reported to be expressed in astrocytes, and the expressions and subcellular localizations of AQPs in astrocytes are highly correlated with both their physiological and pathophysiological functions.
  • 283
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Origin and Derivates of the Embryonic Epicardium
The embryonic epicardium originates from the proepicardium, an extracardiac primordium constituted by a cluster of mesothelial cells. In early embryos, the embryonic epicardium is characterized by a squamous cell epithelium resting on the myocardium surface. Subsequently, it invades the subepicardial space and thereafter the embryonic myocardium by means of an epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Within the myocardium, epicardial-derived cells present multilineage potential, later differentiating into smooth muscle cells and contributing both to coronary vasculature and cardiac fibroblasts in the mature heart.
  • 280
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Anticancer Drug Discovery Based on Natural Products
Malignancies cause one out of six mortalities, which is a serious health problem. Cancer therapy has always been challenging, apart from major advances in immunotherapies, stem cell transplantation, targeted therapies, hormonal therapies, precision medicine, and palliative care, and traditional therapies such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Natural products are integral to the development of innovative anticancer drugs in cancer research, offering the scientific community the possibility of exploring novel natural compounds against cancers. The role of natural products like Vincristine and Vinblastine has been thoroughly implicated in the management of leukemia and Hodgkin’s disease. The computational method is the initial key approach in drug discovery, among various approaches.
  • 280
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Primary Neurological Disease Absence in Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome
Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is an extremely rare genetic disorder caused by the mutant protein progerin, which is expressed by the abnormal splicing of the LMNA gene. HGPS affects systemic levels, with the exception of cognition or brain development, in children, showing that cellular aging can occur in the short term.
  • 276
  • 25 Oct 2023
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