Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Impact and Prospects of Rye in Wheat Breeding
Rye (Secale cereale subsp. cereale L.) has long been exploited as a valuable alternative genetic resource in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding. Indeed, the introgression of rye genetic material led to significant breakthroughs in the improvement of disease and pest resistance of wheat, as well as a few agronomic traits.
  • 808
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Ethylene and Jasmonates Biosynthesis and Signaling
While ethylene is the simplest known olefin, JAs (jasmonates) include its free acid and a number of conjugates. Both ethylene and JAs occur in almost all tissues of higher plants and regulate developmental and physiological processes (e.g., root development, accumulation of anthocyanins) in a complex manner.
  • 808
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Rambler Roses
Climate change affects the possibility of crop production and yield and disrupting the maintenance of crop biodiversity, including ornamentals. Warsaw is located in a temperate zone with mixed continental and oceanic climate influences. This research examines the response of once-blooming rambler roses to changing climate conditions in connection with their frost resistance and ornamental value. The 15 selected rambler rose cultivars were observed in the years 2000–2016 in the Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden—Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin. Damage to shrubs caused by frost, the timing of bud break, leaf development, and initial, full, and final flowering were recorded. The changes in phenology and frost damage were the effect of weather conditions in the autumn–winter–spring period. Frost damage influenced the flowering and growth of plants in different ways, depending on the extent of required pruning. Their reintroduction helped to maintain biodiversity of old cultivars, which makes these roses a proposal for the lowlands of Central Europe.
  • 803
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cell Wall Integrity
Cell wall biosynthesis is a complex biological process in plants. In the rapidly growing cells or in the plants that encounter a variety of environmental stresses, the compositions and the structure of cell wall can be dynamically changed. 
  • 801
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Feeding and Nutritive Value of Halophytes
Good quality water and arable land are required for both domestic and agricultural uses. Increasing population leads to urbanization and industrialization increasing the need to share these resources and creating threats to the food supply. Halophytes can tolerate high salinity and can be easily grown for fodder in coastal areas where fodder is a problem. Varied climate conditions offer opportunities to grow suitable halophytes for specific purposes.
  • 800
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Changes of Legume Polyploids with Salinity Stress
Salinity stress affects plant growth and development by causing osmotic stress and nutrient imbalances through excess Na+, K+, and Cl− ion accumulations that induce toxic effects during germination, seedling development, vegetative growth, flowering, and fruit set. However, the effects of salt stress on growth and development processes, especially in polyploidized leguminous plants, remain unexplored and scantly reported compared to their diploid counterparts.
  • 799
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Structural Diversity in the Plant Specialized Metabolome
The plant specialized metabolome consists of a multitude of structurally and functionally diverse metabolites, variable from species to species. The specialized metabolites play roles in the response to environmental changes and abiotic or biotic stresses, as well as in plant growth and development. At its basis, the specialized metabolism is built of four major pathways, each starting from a few distinct primary metabolism precursors, and leading to distinct basic carbon skeleton core structures: polyketides and fatty acid derivatives, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolics. Structural diversity in the specialized metabolism further expands exponentially with each subsequent modification of the core structure, decoration and conjugation. Series of subsequent conjugations among decorated specialized metabolites lead to the formation of polyglycosides and polyesters in rare cases of macromolecular weight. Many specialized metabolites are involved in redox reactions, and part of the structural diversity can also be attributed to follow-up reactions among oxidized structures, leading to the extremely diverse array of biflavonoids, (neo)lignans, oligolignols, proanthocyanidines and phlobaphenes, and derivatives of aromatically decorated compounds. 
  • 798
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Plant Stomata
Stomata are crucial structures in plants that play a primary role in the infection process during a pathogen’s attack, as they act as points of access for invading pathogens to enter host tissues.
  • 794
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Properties of Steviolo Glycosides: Zero Calorie Sweetener
Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni, commonly called “sweet leaf” is a medicinally and industrially important plant known to be rich in zero calorie natural sweetening compound(s) known as ‘steviol glycosides’. The wide spectrum of pharmacological activities of steviol glycosides (SGs) have developed an interest among scientific & industrial communities to identify the potent pharmakoactive SGs. Therefore, several studies based on various biological activities and commercial applications of these natural sweeteners have been conducted and summarized.
  • 794
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Parental Factor-Mediated Haploid Embryogenesis
Although zygotic embryogenesis is usually studied in the field of seed biology, great attentions have been paid to the methods used to generate haploid embryos due to their applications in crop breeding. These mainly include two methods for haploid embryogenesis: in vitro microspore embryogenesis and in vivo haploid embryogenesis. Although microspore culture systems and maize haploid induction systems were discovered about 60 years ago, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying haploid formation. Major breakthroughs have been made in in vivo haploid induction systems, and several key factors, such as the matrilineal (MTL), baby boom (BBM), domain of unknown function 679 membrane protein (DMP), and egg cell-specific (ECS) that trigger in vivo haploid embryo production in both the crops and Arabidopsis models have been identified. The discovery of these haploid inducers indicates that haploid embryogenesis is highly related to gamete development, fertilization, and genome stability in ealry embryos.
  • 793
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Metal Oxides on Growth of Rice
The extensive usage of metal oxide nanoparticles has aided in the spread and accumulation of these nanoparticles in the environment, potentially endangering both human health and the agroecological system. All of the effects of metal oxide nanoparticles on rice development and growth have a two-fold biological effect.  Iron oxide nanoparticles have no discernible toxic effects on rice. The use of MONPs should be rigorously regulated in terms of timing and frequency, and their content should undergo frequent testing. Avoid secondary harm to rice as much as you can from improper application and excessive concentration.
  • 791
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Integration of Electrical Signals and Phytohormones
Plants are constantly exposed to environmental stresses. Local stimuli sensed by one part of a plant are translated into long-distance signals that can influence the activities in distant tissues. Changes in levels of phytohormones in distant parts of the plant occur in response to various local stimuli. The regulation of hormone levels can be mediated by long-distance electrical signals, which are also induced by local stimulation. The crosstalk between electrical signals and phytohormones is provided by interaction points and integration nodes that involve changes in pH, Ca2+ and ROS levels. Thus, electrical signals and hormones work together to induce a systemic response.
  • 790
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Light-Mediated Regulation of Leaf Senescence
Light is the primary regulator of various biological processes during the plant life cycle. Although plants utilize photosynthetically active radiation to generate chemical energy, they possess several photoreceptors that perceive light of specific wavelengths and then induce wavelength-specific responses. Light is also one of the key determinants of the initiation of leaf senescence, the last stage of leaf development. As the leaf photosynthetic activity decreases during the senescence phase, chloroplasts generate a variety of light-mediated retrograde signals to alter the expression of nuclear genes. On the other hand, phytochrome B (phyB)-mediated red-light signaling inhibits the initiation of leaf senescence by repressing the phytochrome interacting factor (PIF)-mediated transcriptional regulatory network involved in leaf senescence.
  • 786
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Medicinal Plants with Immunomodulatory Properties
Numerous scientific papers published highlight the immunological role of adipocytes and their role in inflammatory responses through the secretion of adipocytokines (adipokines), which regulate the adipocyte phenotype through complex mechanisms of action. Normally, adipose tissue produces anti-inflammatory mediators, but with increasing cell hypertrophy, adipose tissue secretes a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hormones, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), angiotensinogen, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). They also produce the pro-inflammatory hormone leptin, which inhibits the secretion of the anti-inflammatory hormone adiponectin. Compared with subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has a higher rate of lipolysis, a higher infiltration rate of macrophages, and a higher secretion of IL -6, MCP-1, and other inflammation-related markers. With increasing obesity, monocytes infiltrate into adipose tissues, where they mature into macrophages.
  • 784
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Phytohormone-Mediated Leaf Senescence under Shade Conditions
Phytohormones have long been known to affect the onset and progression of leaf senescence, such as ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), brassinosteroids (BRs), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) accelerate leaf senescence. However, auxin and cytokinins (CKs) delay leaf senescence. The content of phytohormones changes drastically in response to the proximity of neighbors, which triggers plant growth adjustments, including enhanced elongation of stems and petioles that enable plants to outgrow their competitors and reach the light and accelerate leaf senescence to escape from the adverse circumstances.
  • 783
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cytoskeletal Remodeling during Plant Immunity
The plant cytoskeleton, consisting of actin filaments and microtubules, is a highly dynamic filamentous framework involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Recently, research has demonstrated that the plant cytoskeleton undergoes rapid remodeling upon sensing pathogen attacks, serving as an important platform for responding to pathogen infections. Meanwhile, pathogens produce effectors targeting the cytoskeleton to achieve pathogenicity. 
  • 780
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Chickpea and Cold Acclimation
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), the third most important grain legume in the world, is an important source of protein to human and animals in Asia and Africa. Consequently, major chickpea growing areas lie in these two continents; however, it is also cultivated in the USA, Canada, and Australia primarily for export to Asian and African countries. Chickpea evolved in the warm climates of the Mediterranean region and is thus sensitive to low temperatures.
  • 778
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Conservation System for Plant Agrobiodiversity
The history of ex situ conservation is relatively short, not more than a century old. During the middle of last century, triggered by the realization that genetic erosion was threatening the existing landraces and wild relatives of the major food crops, global efforts to collect and conserve the genetic diversity of these threatened resources were initiated, predominantly orchestrated by FAO. National and international genebanks were established to store and maintain germplasm materials, conservation methodologies were created, standards developed, and coordinating efforts were put in place to ensure effective and efficient approaches and collaboration. In the spontaneously developing global conservation system, plant breeders played an important role, aiming at the availability of genetic diversity in their breeding work. Furthermore, long-term conservation and the safety of the collected materials were the other two overriding criteria that led to the emerging international network of ex situ base collections. 
  • 776
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Recognition and Signaling of Abiotic Stress of Rice
Abiotic stresses pose a significant threat to rice production, and breeding stress-tolerant varieties is crucial for sustainable and efficient farming. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind rice's response to different stresses is essential for developing resilient rice varieties. Researchers herein highlight the effects of abiotic stresses on rice and explore the signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in stress tolerance. It also discusses the use of omics approaches to identify key genes and proposes future research directions to enhance sustainable rice production. By unraveling the molecular basis of stress response, researchers aim to improve rice breeding strategies and ensure global food security.
  • 775
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Plant Nitric Oxide
Nitric oxide (NO), a water- and lipid-soluble free radical and a gaseous, is a redox-related signaling molecule that is rapidly produced by multiple hormonal and environmental stimuli
  • 772
  • 31 Mar 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 52
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback