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Topic Review
Conservation System for Plant Agrobiodiversity
The history of ex situ conservation is relatively short, not more than a century old. During the middle of last century, triggered by the realization that genetic erosion was threatening the existing landraces and wild relatives of the major food crops, global efforts to collect and conserve the genetic diversity of these threatened resources were initiated, predominantly orchestrated by FAO. National and international genebanks were established to store and maintain germplasm materials, conservation methodologies were created, standards developed, and coordinating efforts were put in place to ensure effective and efficient approaches and collaboration. In the spontaneously developing global conservation system, plant breeders played an important role, aiming at the availability of genetic diversity in their breeding work. Furthermore, long-term conservation and the safety of the collected materials were the other two overriding criteria that led to the emerging international network of ex situ base collections. 
  • 829
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Nitric Oxide Production in Plants
The whole variety of biochemical reactions, in which the nitric oxide (NO) molecule is produced, proceeds in plants by two major alternative mechanisms: (1) the oxidative or arginine-dependent and (2) the reductive or nitrite-dependent pathways, and both of them are characterized by a complex nature.
  • 829
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Impact and Prospects of Rye in Wheat Breeding
Rye (Secale cereale subsp. cereale L.) has long been exploited as a valuable alternative genetic resource in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding. Indeed, the introgression of rye genetic material led to significant breakthroughs in the improvement of disease and pest resistance of wheat, as well as a few agronomic traits.
  • 828
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Transcription Factors Regulating Triacylglycerol Accumulation
Microalgal triacylglycerols (TAGs) are a good feedstock for liquid biofuel production. Improving the expression and/or function of transcription factors (TFs) involved in TAG accumulation may increase TAG content; however, information on microalgae is still lacking. In this study, 14 TFs in the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae were identified as candidate TFs regulating TAG accumulation using available transcriptome and phosphoproteome data under conditions driving TAG accumulation. 
  • 826
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Silicon in the Soil–Plant Continuum
Plants’ ability to take up silicon from the soil, accumulate it within their tissues and then reincorporate it into the soil through litter creates an intricate network of feedback mechanisms in ecosystems. Here, we provide a study of silicon’s roles in soil chemistry and physics and in plant physiology and ecology, focusing on the processes that form these feedback mechanisms. 
  • 824
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Changes of Legume Polyploids with Salinity Stress
Salinity stress affects plant growth and development by causing osmotic stress and nutrient imbalances through excess Na+, K+, and Cl− ion accumulations that induce toxic effects during germination, seedling development, vegetative growth, flowering, and fruit set. However, the effects of salt stress on growth and development processes, especially in polyploidized leguminous plants, remain unexplored and scantly reported compared to their diploid counterparts.
  • 823
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Phytohormone-Mediated Leaf Senescence under Shade Conditions
Phytohormones have long been known to affect the onset and progression of leaf senescence, such as ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), brassinosteroids (BRs), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) accelerate leaf senescence. However, auxin and cytokinins (CKs) delay leaf senescence. The content of phytohormones changes drastically in response to the proximity of neighbors, which triggers plant growth adjustments, including enhanced elongation of stems and petioles that enable plants to outgrow their competitors and reach the light and accelerate leaf senescence to escape from the adverse circumstances.
  • 822
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Metal Oxides on Growth of Rice
The extensive usage of metal oxide nanoparticles has aided in the spread and accumulation of these nanoparticles in the environment, potentially endangering both human health and the agroecological system. All of the effects of metal oxide nanoparticles on rice development and growth have a two-fold biological effect.  Iron oxide nanoparticles have no discernible toxic effects on rice. The use of MONPs should be rigorously regulated in terms of timing and frequency, and their content should undergo frequent testing. Avoid secondary harm to rice as much as you can from improper application and excessive concentration.
  • 821
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
MATE-Type Proteins and Isoflavone Levels in Soybean Seeds
Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) is one of the five major transporter superfamilies in living organisms. MATEs are characterized by 12 transmembrane α-helical domains, which are distinct from other solute transporters. In Glycine max, there are 117 MATE transporters gene family members. GmMATE1 and GmMATE2 are reported to mediate the accumulation of isoflavones in soybean seeds.
  • 820
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Saffron (Use)
In the context of use, Saffron is a key seasoning, fragrance, dye, and medicine in use for over three millennia. From antiquity to modern times the history of saffron is full of applications in food, drink, and traditional herbal medicine: from Africa and Asia to Europe and the Americas the brilliant red threads were—and are—prized in baking, curries, and liquor. It coloured textiles and other items and often helped confer the social standing of political elites and religious adepts. Ancient and medieval peoples believed saffron could be used to treat a wide range of ailments, from stomach upsets to the plague.
  • 814
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Northern California Coastal Forests (WWF Ecoregion)
The Northern California coastal forests are a temperate coniferous forests ecoregion of coastal Northern California (though a small portion of this region extends into Southwestern Oregon), United States .
  • 812
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Feeding and Nutritive Value of Halophytes
Good quality water and arable land are required for both domestic and agricultural uses. Increasing population leads to urbanization and industrialization increasing the need to share these resources and creating threats to the food supply. Halophytes can tolerate high salinity and can be easily grown for fodder in coastal areas where fodder is a problem. Varied climate conditions offer opportunities to grow suitable halophytes for specific purposes.
  • 809
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Plant–Nematode Interactions in Nematode Control
With the ongoing nature of the socio-economic importance of agriculture, the global needs for sustainable and mounting food production to suffice the increased human population are evident. Thus, it is essential that issues associated with a full spectrum of crop production restrictions and losses are soundly solved. Plant–parasitic nematodes (PPNs) rank high among other crop pests and pathogens that constitute major constraints to agricultural production. Estimates of crop losses due to PPNs for the 20 life-sustaining crops averaged 12.6% of worldwide crop yield which equaled USD 215.77 billion of annual yield. An additional 20 crops with significant values for food and export have also a 14.45% annual yield loss which equaled USD 142.47 billion. The total 40 crops sustain an average of 13.5% losses which are estimated at USD 358.24 billion annually. Clearly, these assessments will probably be elevated by adding other nematode-infected plant species worldwide to the list. Hence, adopting adequate and effective measures for optimizing PPN control tactics and strategies is a big challenge.
  • 808
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Breeding to Develop HMT Tolerance in Rice
Heavy metal toxicity generally refers to the negative impact on the environment, humans, and other living organisms caused by exposure to heavy metals (HMs). Heavy metal poisoning is the accumulation of HMs in the soft tissues of organisms in a toxic amount. HMs bind to certain cells and prevent organs from functioning. Agricultural experts have expressed interest in further investigating the underlying mechanisms that allow plants to resist HM toxicity. Given a thorough understanding of HM transport and deposition in various plant organelles, researchers have proposed a number of experimental methods using innovative molecular approaches that can assist rice plants develop HM tolerance. In particular, detoxification, transport, and/or sequestration are the primary objectives of HM control techniques. Fluid transport from roots to other plant parts involves water transpiration, root pressure, cation exchange in the cell walls of xylem vessels, formation of complexes with amino acids (Cu), histidine, peptides (Ni), and chelates with organic acids (Zn). Accordingly, the concentrations of most HMs gradually decreased with distance from the root. These elements are transported inside the plant by cell wall charge interactions and the formation of soluble organic complexes in the sap.
  • 808
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Cell Wall Integrity
Cell wall biosynthesis is a complex biological process in plants. In the rapidly growing cells or in the plants that encounter a variety of environmental stresses, the compositions and the structure of cell wall can be dynamically changed. 
  • 806
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Rambler Roses
Climate change affects the possibility of crop production and yield and disrupting the maintenance of crop biodiversity, including ornamentals. Warsaw is located in a temperate zone with mixed continental and oceanic climate influences. This research examines the response of once-blooming rambler roses to changing climate conditions in connection with their frost resistance and ornamental value. The 15 selected rambler rose cultivars were observed in the years 2000–2016 in the Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden—Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin. Damage to shrubs caused by frost, the timing of bud break, leaf development, and initial, full, and final flowering were recorded. The changes in phenology and frost damage were the effect of weather conditions in the autumn–winter–spring period. Frost damage influenced the flowering and growth of plants in different ways, depending on the extent of required pruning. Their reintroduction helped to maintain biodiversity of old cultivars, which makes these roses a proposal for the lowlands of Central Europe.
  • 805
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Interactions of Phytohormones with Fiber Development
Phytohormones are small endogenous signal molecules in plants. Plant hormones are regulators of plant growth and development and are also particularly important in the establishment of fiber cells in cotton. Gibberellic acid (GA), jasmonic acid (JA), auxin, ethylene (ETH), and brassinosteroid (BR) all contribute to fiber formation, but cytokinin (CK) and abscisic acid (ABA) inhibit fiber growth. Studies of endogenous hormone levels have shown that plant hormones affect the formation of cotton fiber cells. Plant hormones have been shown to play important roles in the growth of cotton fiber cells and the retention of cotton bolls. Furthermore, measurements of hormone levels have shown that fiber cell initiation and elongation are linked. ESTs from ovules indicate that several phytohormone regulators contribute to the early stages of fiber growth, including auxin, BR, GA, and ABA. The expression of MIXTA, MYB5, GL2, and eight genes in the auxin, BR, GA, and ETH pathways is up-regulated when fiber cells begin to form, but the expression of these genes is down-regulated in the n1n1 mutant, which is not capable of making fibers. These findings are consistent with the well-known effects of phytohormones on fiber cell development in immature cotton ovules grown in vitro. Assembly of ESTs from fiber initials at 1 DPA has revealed several novel genes involved in fiber formation. In addition to CAPRICE (CPC) genes, many genes that regulate BRs, GTP-mediated signal transduction, cell cycle control, and components of a Ca2+-mediated signaling pathway have been identified in fiber at one DPA. This indicates that Ca2+ and other signaling pathways play a role in fiber development. It also suggests that the expression of phytohormonal pathway genes is activated before the expression of MYB-like genes is activated, which suggests that phytohormones play a key role in determining cell fate.
  • 801
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Parental Factor-Mediated Haploid Embryogenesis
Although zygotic embryogenesis is usually studied in the field of seed biology, great attentions have been paid to the methods used to generate haploid embryos due to their applications in crop breeding. These mainly include two methods for haploid embryogenesis: in vitro microspore embryogenesis and in vivo haploid embryogenesis. Although microspore culture systems and maize haploid induction systems were discovered about 60 years ago, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying haploid formation. Major breakthroughs have been made in in vivo haploid induction systems, and several key factors, such as the matrilineal (MTL), baby boom (BBM), domain of unknown function 679 membrane protein (DMP), and egg cell-specific (ECS) that trigger in vivo haploid embryo production in both the crops and Arabidopsis models have been identified. The discovery of these haploid inducers indicates that haploid embryogenesis is highly related to gamete development, fertilization, and genome stability in ealry embryos.
  • 798
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Trichoderma Species as Biocontrol Inoculant in Crop Rhizosphere
The fungal species belonging to the genus Trichoderma has been globally recognized as a potential candidate of biofertilizer and biocontrol agent to prevent devastating soil-borne fungal pathogens and enhance growth and productivity of agricultural crops. The antagonistic activity of Trichoderma to pathogenic fungi is attributed to several mechanisms including antibiosis and enzymatic hydrolysis, which are largely associated with a wide range of metabolites secreted by the Trichoderma species. Besides suppressing target pathogens, several metabolites produced by Trichoderma species may act against non-pathogenic beneficial soil microbial communities and perform unintended alterations within the structures and functions of microbial communities in the crop rhizosphere. Multiple microbial interactions have been shown to enhance biocontrol efficacy in many cases as compared to bioinoculant employed alone. 
  • 797
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Light-Mediated Regulation of Leaf Senescence
Light is the primary regulator of various biological processes during the plant life cycle. Although plants utilize photosynthetically active radiation to generate chemical energy, they possess several photoreceptors that perceive light of specific wavelengths and then induce wavelength-specific responses. Light is also one of the key determinants of the initiation of leaf senescence, the last stage of leaf development. As the leaf photosynthetic activity decreases during the senescence phase, chloroplasts generate a variety of light-mediated retrograde signals to alter the expression of nuclear genes. On the other hand, phytochrome B (phyB)-mediated red-light signaling inhibits the initiation of leaf senescence by repressing the phytochrome interacting factor (PIF)-mediated transcriptional regulatory network involved in leaf senescence.
  • 795
  • 07 Apr 2021
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