Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Cardiac Extracellular Matrix
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the non-cellular component in the cardiac microenvironment, and serves essential structural and regulatory roles in establishing and maintaining tissue architecture and cellular function. The patterns of molecular and biochemical ECM alterations in developing and adult hearts depend on the underlying injury type and epigenetic guidelines.
  • 2.4K
  • 19 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Recipe
A recipe is a set of instructions that describes how to prepare or make something, especially a dish of prepared food.
  • 2.4K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetics and Probiotics Application in Fish Reproductive Performance
Fish represent an excellent source of animal protein as well as a biomedical research model as a result of their evolutionary relatedness and similarity with the human genome. Commercial and ornamental fish culture has achieved popularity, but reproductive dysfunctions act as a limiting factor for quality fry production, interfering with the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Fish reproduction is crucial for any species’ existence, and reproductive performance can potentially be improved through applications of epigenetics and probiotics. Epigenetics is a highly sensitive molecular approach that includes chromatin structure and function alteration, DNA methylation, and modification of non-coding RNA molecules for the transfer of desired information from parents to offspring. DNA methyltransferase improves reproductive cyp11a1, esr2b, and figla gene expression and feminizes zebrafish (Danio rerio). Moreover, epigenetics also contributes to genome stability, environmental plasticity, and embryonic development. However, methylation of specific genes can negatively affect sperm quality, resulting in poor fertilization. Probiotic administration is able to induce responsiveness of incompetent follicles to maturation-inducing hormones and can change oocyte chemical composition during vitellogenic development. The positive role of probiotics on testicular cells is validated by upregulating the transcription levels of leptin, bdnf, and dmrt1 genes facilitating the spermatogenesis.
  • 2.4K
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Alternative Oxidase
The interaction of the alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway with nutrient metabolism is important for understanding how respiration modulates ATP synthesis and carbon economy in plants under nutrient deficiency. Although AOX activity reduces the energy yield of respiration, this enzymatic activity is upregulated under stress conditions to maintain the functioning of primary metabolism. The in vivo metabolic regulation of AOX activity by phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) and during plant symbioses with Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Rhizobium bacteria is still not fully understood. We highlight several findings and open questions concerning the in vivo regulation of AOX activity and its impact on plant metabolism during P deficiency and symbiosis with AMF. We also highlight the need for the identification of which metabolic regulatory factors of AOX activity are related to N availability and nitrogen‐fixing legume‐rhizobia symbiosis in order to improve our understanding of N assimilation and biological nitrogen fixation.
  • 2.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
σ-hole
σ-hole is a region of depleted electronic density located on the outer side of a covalently-bonded atom, situated roughly along an extension of the bond axis  
  • 2.4K
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without atonia (RSWA) is the polysomnographic (PSG) hallmark of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), a feature essential for the diagnosis of this condition.
  • 2.4K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Insect Odorant-Binding Proteins
The survival of insects depends on their ability to detect molecules present in their environment. Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) form a family of proteins involved in chemoreception. While OBPs were initially found in olfactory appendages, recently these proteins were discovered in other chemosensory and non-chemosensory organs. OBPs can bind, solubilize and transport hydrophobic stimuli to chemoreceptors across the aqueous sensilla lymph. In addition to this broadly accepted “transporter role”, OBPs can also buffer sudden changes in odorant levels and are involved in hygro-reception. The physiological roles of OBPs expressed in other body tissues, such as mouthparts, pheromone glands, reproductive organs, digestive tract and venom glands, remain to be investigated.
  • 2.4K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
CL-20-Based Cocrystal Energetic Materials
Energetic materials (EMs) are widely used in military and civilian applications, such as weaponry, aerospace explorations and fireworks. However, both the power and safety of energetic materials are the most concern in the field of energetic materials application, but there is an essential contradiction between them: the highly energetic materials are often not safe, and, at present, the rareness of pure low-sensitive and highly energetic explosive has been found.  Due to the stringent requirements for both low-sensitivity and high-power simultaneously, the cocrystallization of explosive has attracted great interest since it can alleviate, to a certain extent, the power-safety contradiction. The new energetic cocrystals can potentially exhibit decreased sensitivity, higher performance through increased packing efficiency or oxygen balance, or improve aging due to altered bonds to specific groups on constituent molecules.
  • 2.4K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Natural Dibenzo-α-pyrone: Friends or Foes?
Dibenzo-α-pyrone (DAP) is the basic scaffold of a group of naturally occurring chemicals. From one angle, the gastrointestinal metabolites urolithins are regarded as beneficial, while from the other, the emerging mycotoxin alternariol and related fungal metabolites are evaluated critically with regards to potential hazardous effects. 
  • 2.4K
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Progress of Photonic-Crystal Surface-Emitting Lasers
The concept of photonic crystals was proposed in 1987. Afterward, this kind of artificial structure with photonic bandgaps attracted much attention for their special dispersion. Such artificial structures fabricated at the micro- or nanoscale, namely photonic crystals, can use the periodical changes of material refractive index to affect the propagation of a light beam, imitating natural crystals that give rise to the X-ray diffraction with their atomic lattices. Thus, with this kind of artificial structure, photonic crystals can pave prospective ways for specific light modulation with ultracompact form factors. A revolutionary semiconductor laser technology, namely the photonic-crystal surface-emitting laser (PCSEL), emerges. PCSEL exhibits not only a symmetric beam profile with narrow beam divergence but also a high-power operation with controllability. Therefore, it may be the holy grail for an ultracompact time-of-flight (ToF) LiDAR system.
  • 2.4K
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Simulation Argument (Planck Scale)
Programming deep universe (Programmer God) Simulation Hypothesis models at the Planck scale The simulation hypothesis or simulation argument is the argument that proposes all current existence, including the Earth and the rest of the universe, could be an artificial simulation, such as a computer simulation. The ancestor simulation approach, which Nick Bostrom called "the simulation argument", argues for "high-fidelity" simulations of ancestral life that would be indistinguishable from reality to the simulated ancestor. However this simulation variant can be traced back to an 'organic base reality' (the original programmer ancestors). The Programmer God approach conversely states that the universe simulation began with the big bang (the deep universe simulation) and was programmed by an external intelligence (external to the universe), the Programmer by definition a God in the creator of the universe context. As the universe in its entirety, down to the smallest detail, is within the simulation, coding will occur at the lowest level. In Big Bang cosmology, the Planck epoch or Planck era is the earliest stage of the Big Bang, where cosmic time was equal to Planck time. In analyzing the feasibility of a Programmer God simulation, Planck time therefore becomes the reference for the simulation clock-rate, with the simulation operating at or below the Planck scale, and with the Planck units as (top-level) candidates for the base (mass, length, time, charge) units.
  • 2.4K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Components of Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
E. globulus belongs to the family of Myrtaceae; an evergreen broadleaf tree, with a straight trunk, indigenous to Australia, the genus Eucalyptus comprises of more than 700 species. It is known as “the blue gum” or Tasmanian blue gum. E. globulus Labill. has precious bioactive constituents, antioxidants, antimicrobials, and phytoremediation, and herbicidal activities, which will pave the way to the development of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, as well as food preservatives. They may also provide potential commercial applications to counteract the limitations of synthetic antioxidants.
  • 2.4K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Vicara
Vicara (Sanskrit( विचार) and Pali, also vicāra; Tibetan phonetic: chöpa) is a Sanskrit term that is translated as "discernment", "sustained thinking", etc. It is an essential element of dhyana, meditation, both in the Buddhist and the Hindu traditions. In the Theravada tradition, it is defined as the sustained application of the mind on an object. In the Mahayana tradition, vicara is defined as a mental factor that scrutinizes finely to discern the specific details. In Hinduism, it is part of Patanjali's Samprajatna samadhi, and also well known as atma-vichara or self-inquiry.
  • 2.4K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Biopesticides for Sustainable Agriculture
Biopesticides are organisms or natural formulations that control or eliminate pests via diverse modes of action (MoA). They cover a wide range of organic products and formulations, such as predatory and parasitic species, biochemical compounds (and their chemical equivalents), and plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs). Biopesticides play critical roles in agriculture, which is the frontier sector driving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Apart from controlling agricultural pests and diseases, they are friendly to the environment, benign to beneficial organisms such as pollinators and plant growth-promoting microorganisms, promote crop productivity and are sensitive to resistant pests created by synthetic pesticides. In addition, biopesticides are very much compatible with the integrated pest management system, which only admits synthetic pesticides as a last resort. As organic formulations, biopesticides fit the defining criteria of Green Chemistry in that they are safe products synthesised from renewable substrates, produce non-toxic compounds and can be driven by minimal energy and biocatalysts.  
  • 2.4K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
DNA Mismatch Repair Gene Variants
DNA mismatch repair system (MMR) is an integral part of DNA damage response pathway (DDR), responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity. MMR preferably corrects frameshift mutations in microsatellites and mismatched nucleotides generated during DNA replication.
  • 2.4K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
ADM-3A
The ADM-3A was an influential early video display terminal, introduced in 1976. It was manufactured by Lear Siegler and had a 12-inch screen displaying 12 or 24 lines of 80 characters. It set a new industry low single unit price of $995. Its "dumb terminal" nickname came from some of the original trade publication advertisements. It quickly became commercially successful because of the rapid increase of computer communications speeds, and because of new minicomputer systems released to the market which required inexpensive operator consoles.
  • 2.4K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Choroidal Imaging Findings in CSCR
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a chorioretinal disease affecting mostly middle-age males. It is marked by the serous detachment of the neurosensory layer at the macula. This review of the literature provides a framework of the current characteristic/relevant imaging findings of CSCR. Although the pathogenesis of CSCR is unclear, the choroid plays a major role and its changes are fundamental to the diagnosis and treatment of CSCR.  Choroidal imaging has advanced the diagnosis of CSCR. This has led to numerous imaging biomarkers like CVI, CT, and hyperreflective dots for early detection and possible prognostication of CSCR. More techniques like wide-field scans and en face imaging are being employed to characterize the choroid in CSCR. 
  • 2.4K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
(Endo)Cannabinoids and Gynaecological Cancers
Gynaecological cancers can be primary neoplasms, originating either from the reproductive tract or the products of conception, or secondary neoplasms, representative of metastatic disease. For some of these cancers, the exact causes are unknown; however, it is recognised that the precise aetiopathogeneses for most are multifactorial and include exogenous (such as diet) and endogenous factors (such as genetic predisposition), which mutually interact in a complex manner. One factor that has been recognised to be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of gynaecological cancers is the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS consists of endocannabinoids (bioactive lipids), their receptors, and metabolic enzymes responsible for their synthesis and degradation.
  • 2.4K
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Multi-Level Inverter
Multilevel inverter had been paid a lot of attention from the academia and research community in recent times due to its role in high and medium power applications. 
  • 2.4K
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Fusarium oxysporum
Fon has four recognized races: 0, 1, 2, and 3. Each subsequent race is determined by its ability to cause infection on previously resistant cultivars, with race 3 having the largest range of pathogenicity. Although the specific avirulence gene responsible for overcoming cultivar resistance is not known in most races, the ability to cause infection should be characterized as virulence rather than pathogenicity as their differentiation rests on a 1–9 scale of disease rating.
  • 2.4K
  • 24 Sep 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 2799
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback