Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Probing Complex Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
POTS impacts up to 1% of Americans, mostly women, turning everyday tasks into challenges. This review delves into the complex causes of POTS, examining the heart's natural pacemaker, heart muscle, nervous system, and body's fluid and hormonal balance. It underscores the need for ongoing research to deepen our understanding of POTS and enhance patient care.
  • 462
  • 26 Aug 2024
Topic Review
Paucisymptomatic Vasculopathic Population
Middle-aged adults can start to be affected by some arterial diseases (ADs), such as abdominal aortic or popliteal artery aneurysms, lower extremity arterial disease, internal carotid, or renal artery or subclavian artery stenosis. These vasculopathies are often asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic before manifesting themselves with dramatic complications. Therefore, early detection of ADs is fundamental to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular and limb events. Furthermore, ADs carry a high correlation with silent coronary artery disease (CAD).
  • 461
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes Associated with OSA in Diabetics
There is significant pathogenic and epidemiological overlap between diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).  There may be a possible association between OSA and diabetes and their impact on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Identifying and managing OSA in individuals with diabetes at an early phase could potentially reduce the risk of CVDs and its related complications.
  • 461
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Sport and Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cause of hospital admission among all arrhythmias in the general population. Moreover, AF represents the most common arrhythmia in the athletic population as well. The complex but fascinating relationship between sport and atrial fibrillation has not yet been fully clarified. Although the benefits of moderate physical activity in controlling cardiovascular risk factors and in reducing the risk of atrial fibrillation have been widely demonstrated, some concerns have been raised about the potential adverse effects of physical activity. Endurance activity in middle-aged men athletes appears to increase the risk of AF. Several different physiopathological mechanisms may explain the increased risk of AF in endurance athletes, including the imbalance of the autonomic nervous system, changes in left atrial size and function and presence of atrial fibrosis.
  • 458
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Natural Polyphenols on the Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unhealthy dietary habits have clearly been shown to contribute to the development of CVDs. Beyond the primary nutrients, a healthy diet is also rich in plant-derived compounds. Natural polyphenols, found in fruits, vegetables, and red wine, have a clear role in improving cardiovascular health.
  • 457
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Antiplatelet Therapies in Current Clinical Practice
Antiplatelet therapy plays a crucial role in a number of cardiovascular disorders.
  • 455
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Global Cardiac Surgery
Cardiac surgery is a modern science in the history of medicine. The impact of cardiac disease, in terms of treatment and prognosis, has made this discipline indispensable to global health. Greatest investment has been dispensed to technological and material improvements to increase life expectancy. This surgery must address different epidemiological aspects dictated by the geography and economic–social conditions of the global populations. 
  • 455
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Non-Invasive Multimodality Imaging in CCS
Non-invasive imaging methods can assess coronary anatomy through coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and/or inducible myocardial ischemia through functional stress testing (stress echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, single photon emission computed tomography—SPECT, or positron emission tomography—PET). 
  • 454
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Approaches for Atrial Fibrillation Detection
Atrial Fibrillation (AFib) is a Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) characterized by the uncoordinated activity of the heart chambers, with the atria exhibiting irregular and high-rate electrical activity. Autoencoders (AEs) can be used as an automatic feature extraction tool, tailoring the resulting features to a specific classification task. By coupling an encoder to a classifier, it is possible to reduce the dimension of the Electrocardiogram (ECG) heartbeat waveforms and classify them. 
  • 454
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Severe COVID-19 Patients
New-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia observed in patients with COVID-19 infection, particularly in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. The proposed mechanisms that could contribute to the development of Atrial fibrillation (AF) in these patients include myocardial damage resulting from direct virus-induced cardiac injury, potentially leading to perimyocarditis; a cytokine crisis and heightened inflammatory response; hypoxemia due to acute respiratory distress; disturbances in acid-base and electrolyte levels; as well as the frequent use of adrenergic drugs in critically ill patients.
  • 452
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) impacts hundreds of millions of people each year and is the main cause of death worldwide, with atherosclerosis being its most frequent form of manifestation. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) have already been established as a significant cardiovascular risk factor, but more studies have shown that small, dense LDLs are the ones more frequently associated with a higher overall risk for developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Ever since atherogenic phenotypes were defined for the first time, LDL subfractions have been continuously analyzed in order to identify those with a higher atherogenic profile that could further become not only high-accuracy, effective prognostic biomarkers, but also treatment targets for novel lipid-lowering molecules. 
  • 451
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Pharmaceutical Agents in Sodium and Potassium
In heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), four classes of drugs, the so-called fantastic four, also known as β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)/angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and the most recent Sodium–Glucose Co-Transporters 2 Inhibitors (SGLT2is).
  • 447
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Angiotensin Regulation of Vascular Homeostasis
Extensive research has been conducted to elucidate and substantiate the crucial role of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) in the pathogenesis of hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, and renal diseases. Furthermore, the role of oxidative stress in maintaining vascular balance has been well established. It has been observed that many of the cellular effects induced by Angiotensin II (Ang II) are facilitated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase.
  • 447
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Indications for Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has proven to be a safe, effective, and less invasive approach to aortic valve replacement in patients with aortic stenosis. In patients who underwent prior aortic valve replacement, transcatheter and surgical bioprosthetic valve dysfunction may occur as a result of structural deterioration or nonstructural causes such as prosthesis–patient mismatch (PPM) and paravalvular regurgitation. Valve-in-Valve (ViV) TAVR is a procedure that is being increasingly utilized for the replacement of failed transcatheter or surgical bioprosthetic aortic valves. 
  • 447
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Phenotypes and Symptoms of HFpEF and Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is emerging as a widespread disease with global socioeconomic impact. Patients with HFpEF show a dramatically increased morbidity and mortality, and, unfortunately, specific treatment options are limited. One such comorbidity is sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), which affects up to 58% (or up to 80% in certain cohorts) of HFpEF patients. SDB presents in HFpEF patients either as predominantly obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or as predominantly central sleep apnea (CSA).
  • 444
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Function
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease that has been long overlooked, but lately its independent association with adverse cardiovascular outcomes was recognized. The time point to intervene and repair the tricuspid valve is defined by the right ventricular (RV) dilation and dysfunction that comes up at a later stage. While guidelines favor tricuspid valve repair before severe RV dysfunction ensues, the definition of RV dysfunction in a universal manner remains vague. As a result, the candidates for transcatheter or surgical TR procedures are often referred late, when advanced RV dysfunction is established, and any derived procedural survival benefit is attenuated.
  • 444
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Structural and Functional Arterial Properties
Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac arrhythmia, is associated with adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. Vascular aging (VA), which is defined as the progressive deterioration of arterial function and structure over a lifetime, is an independent predictor of both AF development and CV events. A timing identification and treatment of early VA has therefore the potential to reduce the risk of AF incidence and related CV events. 
  • 440
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Anti-Inflammation Strategies in Ischemic Heart Disease
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases remain a global health challenge, with ischemic heart disease (IHD) being the primary cause of both morbidity and mortality. Despite optimal pharmacological therapy, older patients with IHD exhibit an increased susceptibility to recurrent ischemic events, significantly impacting their prognosis. Inflammation is intricately linked with the aging process and plays a pivotal role in the evolution of atherosclerosis. Emerging anti-inflammatory therapies have shown promise in reducing ischemic events among high-risk populations.
  • 433
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Hypertension in SAS
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is a central characteristic of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS), and it subjects cells in the body to repetitive apnea, chronic hypoxia, oxygen desaturation, and hypercapnia. Since SAS is linked to various serious cardiovascular complications, especially hypertension, many studies have been conducted to elucidate the mechanism of hypertension induced by SAS/IH. Hypertension in SAS is associated with numerous cardiovascular disorders. As hypertension is the most common complication of SAS, cell and animal models to study SAS/IH have developed and provided lots of hints for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of hypertension induced by IH. However, the detailed mechanisms are obscure and under investigation.
  • 429
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Radiofrequency Ablation Versus Cryoablation as First-Line Treatment
Catheter ablation has been shown to be more effective at maintaining sinus rhythm and improving quality of life when compared to antiarrhythmic drugs. Radiofrequency and cryoablation are two effective methods. 
  • 426
  • 30 Aug 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 45
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback