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Topic Review
Gut Microbiota Modulation in Cardiometabolic Diseases Treatment
The diverse relationship between cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) vulnerability and changes in gut microbiota make-up and metabolites has emphasized that gut microbiota is an unfamiliar modulator of CMD. These connections are possible targets for new CMD therapy. The host–microbiota interaction is made up of various levels at which potential therapeutic interventions can be instituted. These levels include dietary substrates, microbial ecology, and microbiota–host pathways that liberate metabolites that modulate host processes. Agents that inhibit recognized gut microbial enzymes can also be produced. The interesting part of this is that interventions directed at gut microbiota and/or their metabolism in lieu of the host may not necessarily be taken up into the host circulation, hence minimizing the likely adverse effects in comparison to those directed at host metabolism. Among the challenges of therapeutically targeting the gut microbiota are the individual variations, in addition to differences, in gut microbiota make-up, which can affect the action of the medication. This may call for individualized treatment. The gut-microbiota-directed therapeutic concept is based on targeting microbiota compositions, metabolic pathways, and mucosal barrier protection.
  • 886
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Gut in Obesity: Signals from Inner Surface
Obesity is caused by prolonged energy surplus. Current anti-obesity medications are mostly centralized around the energy input part of the energy balance equation by increasing satiety and reducing appetite. Our gastrointestinal tract is a key organ for regulation of food intake and supplies a tremendous number of circulating signals that modulate the activity of appetite-regulating areas of the brain by either direct interaction or through the vagus nerve. Intestinally derived messengers are manifold and include absorbed nutrients, microbial metabolites, gut hormones and other enterokines, collectively comprising a fine-tuned signalling system to the brain. After a meal, nutrients directly interact with appetite-inhibiting areas of the brain and induce satiety. However, overall feeding behaviour also depends on secretion of gut hormones produced by highly specialized and sensitive enteroendocrine cells. Moreover, circulating microbial metabolites and their interactions with enteroendocrine cells further contribute to the regulation of feeding patterns. Current therapies exploiting the appetite-regulating properties of the gut are based on chemically modified versions of the gut hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) or on inhibitors of the primary GLP-1 inactivating enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). The effectiveness of these approaches shows that that the gut is a promising target for therapeutic interventions to achieve significant weigh loss. 
  • 884
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition to Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process that leads to the thickening of the intimal layer of large- and medium-sized arteries and results in the formation of plaques. It occurs due to an imbalance between lipid breakdown and the immune response, leading to a failure of inflammatory response resolution. The risk factors of atherosclerosis include hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and smoking.
  • 882
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Developments on 14-Oxygenated-N-methylmorphinan-6-ones
Adequate pain management, particularly chronic pain, remains a major challenge associated with modern-day medicine. Current pharmacotherapy offers unsatisfactory long-term solutions due to serious side effects related to the chronic administration of analgesic drugs. Morphine and structurally related derivatives (e.g., oxycodone, oxymorphone, buprenorphine) are highly effective opioid analgesics, mediating their effects via the activation of opioid receptors, with the mu-opioid receptor subtype as the primary molecular target. However, they also cause addiction and overdose deaths, which has led to a global opioid crisis in the last decades. Therefore, research efforts are needed to overcome the limitations of present pain therapies with the aim to improve treatment efficacy and to reduce complications.
  • 881
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cyclodextrins/Estrogens Inclusion Complexes
In the pharmaceutical industry, cyclodextrins (CDs) are frequently used to improve the aqueous solubility, stability, and bioavailability of medications. Because estrogens have a low polarity, they can interact with some cyclodextrins’ hydrophobic cavities to create inclusion complexes, if their geometric properties are compatible. Estrogen-CD complexes have been widely applied in several fields for various objectives. 
  • 880
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Derived and Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles as Oral Therapeutics
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from various sources, including edible plants, milk, bacteria and mammalian cells, have emerged as a platform for miRNA and drug delivery that seem to induce the expected immune effects locally and in distant tissues after oral administration. Such a possibility greatly expands the clinical applicability of EVs. Much focuses are on the EVs from edible plants and bacteria. Growing evidence has suggested possible therapeutic applications for nanoparticles derived from edible plants, especially when administered orally to induce immunomodulation. And it was emphasized that the important immunomodulatory impact of microbiota may also be mediated by microbial EVs, formerly called outer membrane vesicles (OMVs).
  • 879
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Hypoxic Tumor Environments in Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become a promising method of cancer treatment due to its unique properties, such as noninvasiveness and low toxicity. The efficacy of PDT is significantly reduced by the hypoxia tumor environments, because PDT involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which requires the great consumption of oxygen. Moreover, the consumption of oxygen caused by PDT would further exacerbate the hypoxia condition, which leads to angiogenesis, invasion of tumors to other parts, and metastasis.
  • 879
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Natural Products from Reniera Sponges
Reniera is one subgenus of Haliclona sponges and has a soft texture and brownish-maroon epidermis, and its body looks like a compressed tree with simple digitate branches and spicules of various sizes and harbors a special arrangement of the flagellated chambers in the incurrent and excurrent canal systems.
  • 877
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Oxycodone Efficacy in Pain Management
Oxycodone is a widely used opioid for the management of chronic pain. Analgesic effects observed following the administration of oxycodone are mediated mostly by agonistic effects on the μ-opioid receptor. Wide inter-subject variability observed in oxycodone efficacy could be explained by polymorphisms in the gene coding for the μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1).
  • 874
  • 18 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Development Perspective and Recommendations of Biosimilars
Making biosimilars accessible means reducing their cost of development, which is currently at around USD 100–200 million, keeping small and medium-size companies out of play and leaving most current biosimilars in the hands of big pharma. How this cost breaks down is an interesting subject.
  • 874
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
IPSCs and organoids in ASD
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompasses a broad range of complex polygenic and multifactorial neurodevelopmental diseases affecting social interaction, communication, interests, and behavior. The major limit to ASD research remains a lack of relevant models which can faithfully re-capitulate key features of the pathology. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), reprogrammed from somatic cells of patients, have provided a promising cellular tool for disease modelling and development of novel drug treatments. Moreover, iPSCs can be differentiated and organized into 3D organoids, providing a model which mimics the complexity of the brain’s architecture. 
  • 871
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Nanotherapeutic Approaches to Overcome Drug Resistance in Cancers
Nanotherapeutics serve not so much to overcome the chemotherapeutic treatment, but rather to overcome the chemoresistance of cancers, improve pharmacokinetics of the drugs, and decrease or eliminate their systemic toxicity and so on. The foremost objective of the nanotherapeutics-based approach is to target specific cancer cells and their microenvironment with minimal toxicity by delivering chemotherapeutic agents efficiently to the target site. Moreover, the development of nanotherapeutics in the past few years indicates its considerable potential in the cancer therapeutic domain.
  • 869
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Sodium-Dependent Organic Anion Transporter
The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT, gene symbol SLC10A6) specifically transports 3′- and 17′-monosulfated steroid hormones, such as estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, into specific target cells. These biologically inactive sulfo-conjugated steroids occur in high concentrations in the blood circulation and serve as precursors for the intracrine formation of active estrogens and androgens that contribute to the overall regulation of steroids in many peripheral tissues.
  • 869
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Anti-inflammatory Effect of Essential Oil from Z. striolatum
Zingiber striolatum Diels (Z. striolatum), a widely popular vegetable in China, is famous for its medicinal and nutritional values. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil from Z. striolatum (EOZS) remain unclear. This research unveils the antioxidant capability and potential molecular mechanism of EOZS in regulating inflammatory response, and suggests the application of EOZS as a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries. 
  • 868
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacological Properties of Psammaplysins
Marine natural products (MNPs) continue to be in the spotlight in the global drug discovery endeavor. Currently, more than 32,000 structurally diverse secondary metabolites from marine sources have been isolated, making MNPs a vital source for researchers to look for novel drug candidates. The marine-derived psammaplysins possess the rare and unique 1,6-dioxa-2-azaspiro [4.6] undecane backbone and are represented by 44 compounds in the literature, mostly from sponges of the order Verongiida.
  • 868
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fabrication and Current Status of Microneedles
One of the most cutting-edge, effective, and least invasive pharmaceutical innovations is the utilization of microneedles (MNs) for drug delivery, patient monitoring, diagnostics, medicine or vaccine delivery, and other medical procedures (e.g., intradermal vaccination, allergy testing, dermatology, and blood sampling). The MN-based system offers many advantages, such as minimal cost, high medical effectiveness, comparatively good safety, and painless drug application. Drug delivery through MNs can possibly be viewed as a viable instrument for various macromolecules (e.g., proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids) that are not efficiently administered through traditional approaches.
  • 862
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pharmacogenetics in Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important global public health problem due to its high prevalence and morbidity. Although the treatment of nephrology patients has changed considerably, ineffectiveness and side effects of medications represent a major issue. Pharmacogenetics could fill this gap.
  • 861
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Pharmacological Treatments for Migraine in the Pediatric Population
Headaches in children and adolescents have high incidence and prevalence rates, with consequent elevated disability costs to individuals and the community. Pediatric migraine is a disorder with substantial clinical differences compared to the adult form. Few clinical trials have been performed specifically on primary headache in pediatric populations using acute and preventative treatments, often with conflicting findings. The limited high-quality data on the effectiveness of treatments are also due to the high placebo effect, in terms of reductions in both the frequency and intensity of migraine attacks in the pediatric population. The recent introduction of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway inhibitors and ditans is changing the treatment of migraine, but the majority of the data are still limited to adulthood. Thus, few drugs have indications for migraine treatment in the pediatric age group, and limited evidence gives guidance as to the choice of pharmacotherapy.
  • 861
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Natural Product Treat Lung Diseases
As a traditional source for modern pharmaceutical discovery and potential drug leads, natural products have played an integral role in treating patients due to their unique structural, chemical, and biological diversity. A wide range of natural products can be considered promising anti-COVID-19 or anti-lung cancer agents have gained widespread attention, including natural products as monotherapy for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (ginkgolic acid, shiraiachrome A, resveratrol, and baicalein) or lung cancer (daurisoline, graveospene A, deguelin, and erianin) or in combination with FDA-approved anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents (cepharanthine plus nelfinavir, linoleic acid plus remdesivir) and anti-lung cancer agents (curcumin and cisplatin, celastrol and gefitinib).
  • 860
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle-Mediated Drug Delivery in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) currently occupies the second rank in cancer-related global female deaths. Although consistent awareness and improved diagnosis have reduced mortality, late diagnosis and resistant response still limit the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs (CDs), leading to relapse with consequent invasion and metastasis. Treatment with CDs is indeed well-versed but it is badly curtailed with accompanying side effects and inadequacies of site-specific drug delivery. As a result, drug carriers ensuring stealth delivery and sustained drug release with improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution are urgently needed. Core–shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) have been a cornerstone in this context, attributed to their high surface area, low density, robust functionalization, high drug loading capacity, size–shape-controlled functioning, and homogeneous shell architecture, enabling stealth drug delivery.
  • 859
  • 02 Aug 2023
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