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Topic Review
Warburg Effect in Colorectal Carcinogenesis
Colorectal cancer is one of the most leading causes of death worldwide. The Hallmark of colorectal cancer is the increase of glucose uptake and lactate production even in the presence of oxygen, a phenomenon known as the “Warburg effect”. 
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Lactadherin in Cancer Development and Progression
Lactadherin is a secreted glycoprotein associated with the milk fat globule membrane, which is highly present in the blood and in the mammary tissue of lactating women. Several biological functions have been associated with this protein, mainly attributable to its immunomodulatory role promoting phagocyte-mediated clearance of apoptotic cells. It has been shown that lactadherin also plays important roles in cell adhesion, promotion of angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration. On the other hand, this protein has been used as a marker of breast cancer and tumor progression. Recently, high levels of lactadherin has been associated with poor prognosis and decreased survival, not only in breast cancer, but also in melanoma, ovarian, colorectal, and other types of cancer. Although the mechanisms responsible for the tumor-promoting effects attributed to lactadherin have not been fully elucidated, a growing body of literature indicates that lactadherin could be a promising therapeutic target and/or biomarker for breast and other tumors. Moreover, recent studies have shown its presence in extracellular vesicles derived from cancer cell lines and cancer patients, which was associated with cancer aggressiveness and worse prognosis. 
  • 1.0K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the commonest form of lymphoid malignancy, with a prevalence of about 40% worldwide. The term DLBCL reflects the growth pattern and size of the neoplastic cells, which tend to diffusely efface the normal structure of the involved organ (most frequently the lymph node) and are provided with a diameter at least twice that of normal lymphocytes. Although during the last few years several distinct clinical-pathological categories of DLBCL have been reported in the literature, which are nowadays listed in the Revised 4th Edition of the WHO Classification of the Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, about 80% of DLBCLs do not enter into any of these categories and are therefore termed not otherwise specified (NOS). DLBCL-NOS displays a quite variable morphology and only rarely consists of only one cytotype (centroblastic, immunoblastic or anaplastic). Thus, microscopic examination fails to define the cell of origin, prognostic indicators and novel potential therapeutic targets. The standard of care  is the immuno-chemotherapy R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone), which cures up to 65% of patients. The remaining individuals with DLBCL-NOS experience resistant or relapsing disease and eventually die of it. This situation has promoted a huge number of studies focusing on the pathobiology of the tumour and based on high-throughput techniques, including gene expression profiling and next generation sequencing. In addition, attention has been focused on the mcroenvironmental composition, which can influence the behaviour and response to therapy of the tumour in conjunction with the molecular characteristics of neoplastic cells. The aim of the present review is to discuss the most recent acquisitions in the field of DLBCL-NOS based on the extensive application of molecular techniques, which paves the way to a more rational classification of the tumour along with the identification of effective prognostic indicators and novel therapeutic targets for  ad hoc personalised approaches. 
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cholestatic Liver Disease
Cholestatic liver diseases including primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are associated with active hepatic fibrogenesis, which can ultimately lead to the development of cirrhosis.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Treg/Th17 Imbalance
Treg/Th17 Imbalance means Treg and Th17 cells are dynamically balanced under healthy conditions, but imbalance occurs in inflammatory and pathological states, such as obesity. Some studies demonstrated that peripheral Treg and Th17 cells exhibit increased imbalance with worsening of glucose metabolic dysfunction, already in children with obesity.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Potential Role of Methylglyoxal in Ageing
Advances in molecular biology technology have piqued tremendous interest in glycometabolism and bioenergetics in homeostasis and neural development linked to ageing and age-related diseases. Methylglyoxal (MGO) is a by-product of glycolysis, and it can covalently modify proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, leading to cell growth inhibition and, eventually, cell death. MGO can alter intracellular calcium homeostasis, which is a major cell-permeant precursor to advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). As side-products or signalling molecules, MGO is involved in several pathologies, including ageing.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cytochrome P450 1B1 in Ocular Iron Homeostasis Regulation
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1 belongs to the superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases. Unlike other CYP enzymes, which are highly expressed in the liver, CYP1B1 is predominantly found in extrahepatic tissues, such as the brain, and ocular tissues including retina and trabecular meshwork. CYP1B1 metabolizes exogenous chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. CYP1B1 also metabolizes endogenous bioactive compounds including estradiol and arachidonic acid. These metabolites impact various cellular and physiological processes during development and pathological processes.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Type I Interferon
Together with type III IFNs, Type I Interferons (IFNs-I) represent the first line of immune defense against viral infections. In the case of RNA viruses, after recognition of viral products by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as the main cytosolic receptors RNA helicases retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), the signal converges on the activation of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), that, in turns, activates the TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), leading to the phosphorylation and activation of IFN-regulatory factors 3 and 7 (IRF3, IRF7) [6,7]. IRFs then translocate to the nucleus and induce the production of IFNs-I (IFNα, IFNβ, IFNε, IFNτ, IFNκ, IFNω, IFNδ and IFNζ).
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Calmodulin-Connexin in Gap Junction Channel Regulation-Calmodulin-Cork Gating Model
In the past four decades numerous findings have indicated that gap junction channel gating is mediated by intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+i]) in the high nanomolar range via calmodulin (CaM). We believe that CaM directly closes the channel by a cork-like gating mechanism.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Heat Shock Proteins in Colorectal Carcinoma
Cancer cells can reprogram their metabolic activities and undergo uncontrolled proliferation by utilizing the power of heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSPs are highly conserved chaperones that facilitate the folding of intracellular proteins under stress. Constitutively, HSPs are expressed at low levels, but their expression upregulates in response to a wide variety of insults, including anticancer drugs, allowing cancer cells to develop chemoresistance.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Role of NSD3 in Cancer
Nuclear receptor-binding SET domain protein 3 (NSD3) is a member of the NSD histone methyltransferase family of proteins. In recent years, it has been identified as a potential oncogene in certain types of cancer. The NSD3 gene encodes three isoforms, the long version (NSD3L), a short version (NSD3S) and the WHISTLE isoforms. Importantly, the NSD3S isoform corresponds to the N-terminal region of the full-length protein, lacking the methyltransferase domain. The chromosomal location of NSD3 is frequently amplified across cancer types, such as breast, lung, and colon, among others. This amplification has been correlated to a chromothripsis event, that could explain the different NSD3 alterations found in cancer. The fusion proteins containing NSD3 have also been reported in leukemia (NSD3-NUP98), and in NUT (nuclear protein of the testis) midline carcinoma (NSD3-NUT). Its role as an oncogene has been described by modulating different cancer pathways through its methyltransferase activity, or the short isoform of the protein, through protein interactions. 
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Vaccinia Virus Arrests and Shifts the Cell Cycle
Modulation of the host cell cycle is a common strategy used by viruses to create a pro-replicative environment. To facilitate viral genome replication, vaccinia virus (VACV) has been reported to alter cell cycle regulation and trigger the host cell DNA damage response. However, the cellular factors and viral effectors that mediate these changes remain unknown.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Connexins and cAMP
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a small molecule that acts as a second messenger in mediating intracellular signal transduction.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Histone Demethylase JMJD2D
Histone demethylase JMJD2D is a multifunctional epigenetic factor coordinating androgen receptor activation, DNA damage repair, DNA replication, cell cycle regulation, and inflammation modulation. JMJD2D is also a well-established epigenetic facilitator in the progression of multiple malignant tumors, especially in colorectal cancer (CRC) and hepatocellular cancer (HCC).
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Metformin and Female Reproduction
Metformin (MF), a first-line drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), alone and in combination with other drugs, restores the ovarian function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and improves fetal development, pregnancy outcomes and offspring health in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and T2DM. MF treatment is demonstrated to improve the efficiency of in vitro fertilization and is considered a supplementary drug in assisted reproductive technologies. MF lacks teratogenic effects and has positive health effect in newborns. The entry is focused on use of MF therapy for restoration of female reproductive functions and improvement of pregnancy outcomes in metabolic and endocrine disorders. 
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Tumour Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Tumour onset and development occur because of specific immune support. The immune system, which is originally able to perceive and eliminate incipient cancer cells, becomes suppressed and hijacked by cancer. For these purposes, tumour cells use extracellular vesicles (TEVs). Specific molecular composition allows TEVs to reprogram immune cells towards tumour tolerance. Circulating TEVs move from their site of origin to other organs, preparing “a fertile soil” for metastasis formation. 
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Sensor IRE1α
Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase endoribonuclease-1α (IRE1α) is the most prominent and evolutionarily conserved unfolded protein response (UPR) signal transducer during endoplasmic reticulum functional upset (ER stress). A IRE1α signal pathway arbitrates yin and yang of cellular fate in objectionable conditions. It plays several roles in fundamental cellular physiology as well as in several pathological conditions such as diabetes, obesity, inflammation, cancer, neurodegeneration, and in many other diseases.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Interleukin (IL)-6
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a signaling molecule involved in inflammatory processes, initiating fever and mediating the acute phase response. It is a pleiotropic cytokine secreted by a range of cells, such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, osteoblasts, smooth muscle cells and several tumor cells. It is also released by cells in the brain, such as neurons, microglia and astrocytes.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Properties of Polyphenol-Based Dietary Supplements
Antioxidants in sports exercise training remain a debated research topic. Plant-derived polyphenol supplements are frequently used by athletes to reduce the negative effects of exercise-induced oxidative stress, accelerate the recovery of muscular function, and enhance performance. 
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Thyroid Cancer Stem-Like Cells
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. Recent progress in thyroid cancer biology revealed a certain degree of intratumoral heterogeneity, highlighting the coexistence of cellular subpopulations with distinct proliferative capacities and differentiation abilities. Among those subpopulations, cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are hypothesized to drive TC heterogeneity, contributing to its metastatic potential and therapy resistance. CSCs principally exist in tumor areas with specific microenvironmental conditions, the so-called stem cell niches. In particular, in thyroid cancer, CSCs’ survival is enhanced in the hypoxic niche, the immune niche, and some areas with specific extracellular matrix composition.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Jun 2021
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