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Topic Review
Tumor Suppressor miRNAs in Breast Cancer
The death rate from breast cancer (BC) has dropped due to early detection and sophisticated therapeutic options, yet drug resistance and relapse remain barriers to effective, systematic treatment. Multiple mechanisms underlying miRNAs appear crucial in practically every aspect of cancer progression, including carcinogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance, as evidenced by the elucidation of drug resistance. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Connexins and cAMP
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a small molecule that acts as a second messenger in mediating intracellular signal transduction.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cholestatic Liver Disease
Cholestatic liver diseases including primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are associated with active hepatic fibrogenesis, which can ultimately lead to the development of cirrhosis.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
RNA-Binding Protein Rbm24
Rbm24 (RNA-binding motif protein 24) is an evolutionarily conserved RBP that contains a single RNA recognition motif (RRM) at its N-terminal region [13–15]. It exhibits strongly restricted tissue-specific expression patterns during vertebrate development [16], and emerges as an important regulator of cellular differentiation and a potential factor implicated in human disease. Rbm24 gene exhibits strongly conserved expression in the somites, heart, lens and otic vesicle of all vertebrate embryos. It is involved in different aspects of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, including pre-mRNA alternative splicing, mRNA stability and polyadenylation. Knockout of this gene in mice and zebrafish causes severe developmental defects, such as heart malformations, cataract formation and hearing deficits.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Treg/Th17 Imbalance
Treg/Th17 Imbalance means Treg and Th17 cells are dynamically balanced under healthy conditions, but imbalance occurs in inflammatory and pathological states, such as obesity. Some studies demonstrated that peripheral Treg and Th17 cells exhibit increased imbalance with worsening of glucose metabolic dysfunction, already in children with obesity.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Histone Demethylase JMJD2D
Histone demethylase JMJD2D is a multifunctional epigenetic factor coordinating androgen receptor activation, DNA damage repair, DNA replication, cell cycle regulation, and inflammation modulation. JMJD2D is also a well-established epigenetic facilitator in the progression of multiple malignant tumors, especially in colorectal cancer (CRC) and hepatocellular cancer (HCC).
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Lactadherin in Cancer Development and Progression
Lactadherin is a secreted glycoprotein associated with the milk fat globule membrane, which is highly present in the blood and in the mammary tissue of lactating women. Several biological functions have been associated with this protein, mainly attributable to its immunomodulatory role promoting phagocyte-mediated clearance of apoptotic cells. It has been shown that lactadherin also plays important roles in cell adhesion, promotion of angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration. On the other hand, this protein has been used as a marker of breast cancer and tumor progression. Recently, high levels of lactadherin has been associated with poor prognosis and decreased survival, not only in breast cancer, but also in melanoma, ovarian, colorectal, and other types of cancer. Although the mechanisms responsible for the tumor-promoting effects attributed to lactadherin have not been fully elucidated, a growing body of literature indicates that lactadherin could be a promising therapeutic target and/or biomarker for breast and other tumors. Moreover, recent studies have shown its presence in extracellular vesicles derived from cancer cell lines and cancer patients, which was associated with cancer aggressiveness and worse prognosis. 
  • 1.1K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Glutathione/Glutaredoxin in Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Signaling
The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-enzymatic antioxidant/nucleophilic molecule in cells. In addition to various metabolic reactions involving GSH and its oxidized counterpart GSSG, oxidative post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins has been a focal point of keen interest in the redox field over the last few decades. In particular, the S-glutathionylation of proteins (protein-SSG formation), i.e., mixed disulfides between GSH and protein thiols, has been studied extensively. This reversible PTM can act as a regulatory switch to interconvert inactive and active forms of proteins, thereby mediating cell signaling and redox homeostasis. The unique architecture of the GSH molecule enhances its relative abundance in cells and contributes to the glutathionyl specificity of the primary catalytic activity of the glutaredoxin enzymes, which play central roles in redox homeostasis and signaling, and in iron metabolism in eukaryotes and prokaryotes under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The class-1 glutaredoxins are characterized as cytosolic GSH-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze reversible protein S-glutathionylation specifically, thereby contributing to the regulation of redox signal transduction and/or the protection of protein thiols from irreversible oxidation.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
FAAH inhibitor URB597
Since the inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the main catabolic enzyme of anandamide (AEA), may provide beneficial effects in mice model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like pathology, we aimed at determining whether the FAAH inhibitor URB597 might target microglia polarization and alter the cytoskeleton reorganization induced by the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). The morphological evaluation showed that Aβ treatment increased the surface area of BV-2 cells, which acquired a flat and polygonal morphology. URB597 treatment partially rescued the control phenotype of BV-2 cells when co-incubated with Aβ. Moreover, URB597 reduced both the increase of Rho protein activation in Aβ-treated BV-2 cells and the Aβ-induced migration of BV-2 cells, while an increase of Cdc42 protein activation was observed in all samples. URB597 also increased the number of BV-2 cells involved in phagocytosis. URB597 treatment induced the polarization of microglial cells towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, as demonstrated by the decreased expression of iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines along with the parallel increase of Arg-1 and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these data suggest that FAAH inhibition promotes cytoskeleton reorganization, regulates phagocytosis and cell migration processes, thus driving microglial polarization towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. 
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key components of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, maintaining the extracellular matrix, while also being involved in intricate crosstalk with cancer cells and infiltrating immunocytes. Therefore, they are potential targets for developing therapeutic strategies against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, studies have demonstrated significant heterogeneity in CAFs with respect to their origins, spatial distribution, and functional phenotypes within the PDAC tumor microenvironment. Therefore, it is imperative to understand and delineate this heterogeneity prior to targeting CAFs for PDAC therapy. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the commonest form of lymphoid malignancy, with a prevalence of about 40% worldwide. The term DLBCL reflects the growth pattern and size of the neoplastic cells, which tend to diffusely efface the normal structure of the involved organ (most frequently the lymph node) and are provided with a diameter at least twice that of normal lymphocytes. Although during the last few years several distinct clinical-pathological categories of DLBCL have been reported in the literature, which are nowadays listed in the Revised 4th Edition of the WHO Classification of the Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, about 80% of DLBCLs do not enter into any of these categories and are therefore termed not otherwise specified (NOS). DLBCL-NOS displays a quite variable morphology and only rarely consists of only one cytotype (centroblastic, immunoblastic or anaplastic). Thus, microscopic examination fails to define the cell of origin, prognostic indicators and novel potential therapeutic targets. The standard of care  is the immuno-chemotherapy R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone), which cures up to 65% of patients. The remaining individuals with DLBCL-NOS experience resistant or relapsing disease and eventually die of it. This situation has promoted a huge number of studies focusing on the pathobiology of the tumour and based on high-throughput techniques, including gene expression profiling and next generation sequencing. In addition, attention has been focused on the mcroenvironmental composition, which can influence the behaviour and response to therapy of the tumour in conjunction with the molecular characteristics of neoplastic cells. The aim of the present review is to discuss the most recent acquisitions in the field of DLBCL-NOS based on the extensive application of molecular techniques, which paves the way to a more rational classification of the tumour along with the identification of effective prognostic indicators and novel therapeutic targets for  ad hoc personalised approaches. 
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Warburg Effect in Colorectal Carcinogenesis
Colorectal cancer is one of the most leading causes of death worldwide. The Hallmark of colorectal cancer is the increase of glucose uptake and lactate production even in the presence of oxygen, a phenomenon known as the “Warburg effect”. 
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
CRISPR Screen
Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen provides a robust and unbiased means for interrogating such genes, and a series of landmark reports since its introduction in 2014 have demonstrated that the technology yields high-quality functional hits. This technology, in combination with other orthogonal methods for studying protein function on a systems scale, can provide valuable functional insights that would take years to establish using conventional methods.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Calmodulin-Connexin in Gap Junction Channel Regulation-Calmodulin-Cork Gating Model
In the past four decades numerous findings have indicated that gap junction channel gating is mediated by intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+i]) in the high nanomolar range via calmodulin (CaM). We believe that CaM directly closes the channel by a cork-like gating mechanism.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Type I Interferon
Together with type III IFNs, Type I Interferons (IFNs-I) represent the first line of immune defense against viral infections. In the case of RNA viruses, after recognition of viral products by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as the main cytosolic receptors RNA helicases retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), the signal converges on the activation of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), that, in turns, activates the TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), leading to the phosphorylation and activation of IFN-regulatory factors 3 and 7 (IRF3, IRF7) [6,7]. IRFs then translocate to the nucleus and induce the production of IFNs-I (IFNα, IFNβ, IFNε, IFNτ, IFNκ, IFNω, IFNδ and IFNζ).
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Lymphocytes in Brief
Lymphocytes are a vital class of white blood cells that serve as the backbone of the immune system. These small yet powerful cells play a pivotal role in defending the body against infections, viruses, and other foreign invaders. Lymphocytes come in two main types: B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells), each with distinct functions. B cells are the architects of humoral immunity, producing antibodies that can recognize and neutralize specific pathogens. They originate in the bone marrow and mature there, eventually differentiating into plasma cells that churn out antibodies. T cells, on the other hand, are central to cell-mediated immunity, a critical defense mechanism against intracellular threats like viruses. They mature in the thymus gland and include helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and memory T cells, each with specialized roles. Lymphocytes undergo complex developmental processes, ensuring they can identify invaders while avoiding attacks on the body's own cells. Their functions span innate and adaptive immunity, making them essential for maintaining health and responding to diseases. From protecting against infections to enabling vaccination and driving cutting-edge cancer treatments, lymphocytes are indispensable to our well-being, and ongoing research promises to unlock even more of their potential.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Vaccinia Virus Arrests and Shifts the Cell Cycle
Modulation of the host cell cycle is a common strategy used by viruses to create a pro-replicative environment. To facilitate viral genome replication, vaccinia virus (VACV) has been reported to alter cell cycle regulation and trigger the host cell DNA damage response. However, the cellular factors and viral effectors that mediate these changes remain unknown.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Metformin and Female Reproduction
Metformin (MF), a first-line drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), alone and in combination with other drugs, restores the ovarian function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and improves fetal development, pregnancy outcomes and offspring health in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and T2DM. MF treatment is demonstrated to improve the efficiency of in vitro fertilization and is considered a supplementary drug in assisted reproductive technologies. MF lacks teratogenic effects and has positive health effect in newborns. The entry is focused on use of MF therapy for restoration of female reproductive functions and improvement of pregnancy outcomes in metabolic and endocrine disorders. 
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
The Role of ABC Transporters
ABC transporters are a large family of membrane proteins that transport chemically diverse substrates through the lipid bilayer of cell plasma membranes while accompanied by ATP hydrolysis [47,48]. Currently, 49 different genes encoding ABC transporters are known in humans, which, based on the structural features, are divided into seven subfamilies, designated ABCA–ABCG .
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Gene Expression Induced by Radiation
According to the Health Physics Society, radiation is defined as energy that travels from a source through space as waves or particles and it can penetrate different materials. The electromagnetic spectrum consists of different wavelengths and frequencies, in which non-ionizing (low frequency) and ionizing (high frequency) radiation are found. Gene expression will be changed due to radiation.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 May 2022
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