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Topic Review
Hypoxia's Influence on Bone Remodeling Molecular Pathways
Bone remodeling is a crucial physiological process for maintaining skeletal health. It focuses on the central roles of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, as well as the composition of the bone's extracellular matrix. Furthermore, it explores the impact of hypoxia, or low oxygen levels, on bone health and elucidates the responsible molecular mechanisms. While bone remodeling units (BMUs), their cellular components, and the phases of the remodeling cycle remain not fully understood, the text also addresses systemic and local factors, including the critical RANK-RANKL-OPG pathway, that govern bone remodeling. This contributes to a comprehensive understanding of this intricate biological process.
  • 733
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Trichogenic Nanoparticles of Trichoderma
Trichoderma is the asexual stage of the filamentous Hypocrea genus belonging to the Ascomycota fungi division. The species of this genus are free-living saprophytic fungi found in all soils, with an average presence in temperate and tropical soils of nearly 101-103 culturable propagules per gram.
  • 730
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Proteomics for Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease that has a grim prognosis, highlighting the need for improved screening, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. The sole biomarker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is CA 19-9, which proves to be the most beneficial in tracking treatment response rather than in early detection.
  • 728
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Neurobiology of Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals
Survival of the mammal offspring depends on the correct expression of maternal behaviors, particularly during the early postnatal period. Newborns must be a powerful source of incentive sensory stimulation to the dam, and in return, they must be capable of responding either actively or passively to such stimuli, expressing acceptance and motivation to invest energy and time and willingness to risk their physical safety. Hence, the capacity to express maternal behavior depends on the sensitivity to respond to the right stimuli under certain physiological, ontogenic, or cognitive conditions. Accordingly, to understand the neurobiology of this behavior, it must be considered that neural systems are involved in acceptance, social recognition, motivation, and fear/rejection. 
  • 727
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Management of Craniopharyngiomas
Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) currently represent one of the most challenging diseases to deal with in the group of skull base tumors. Due to their location near, within, or surrounding the pituitary gland and stalk, CPs can be revealed by pituitary tumor syndrome and/or symptoms of hormonal deficiencies.
  • 726
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Hypoxic Microenvironment of Bone
The normal physiological activities and functions of bone cells cannot be separated from the balance of the oxygenation level, and the physiological activities of bone cells are different under different oxygenation levels. At present, in vitro cell cultures are generally performed in a normoxic environment, and the partial pressure of oxygen of a conventional incubator is generally set at 141 mmHg (18.6%, close to the 20.1% oxygen in ambient air). This value is higher than the mean value of the oxygen partial pressure in human bone tissue. Additionally, the further away from the endosteal sinusoids, the lower the oxygen content. It follows that the construction of a hypoxic microenvironment is the key point of in vitro experimental investigation.
  • 726
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
ENPP2 Methylation in Health and Cancer
Autotaxin (ATX) encoded by Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2) is a key enzyme in Lysophosphatidic Acid (LPA) synthesis implicated in cancer. Although its aberrant expression has been reported, ENPP2 methylation profiles in health and malignancy are not described. We examined in silico the methylation of ENPP2 analyzing publicly available methylome datasets, to identify Differentially Methylated CpGs (DMCs) which were then correlated with expression at gene and isoform levels. Significance indication was set to be FDR corrected p-value < 0.05. Healthy tissues presented methylation in all gene body CGs and lower levels in Promoter Associated (PA) regions, whereas in the majority of the tumors examined (HCC, melanoma, CRC, LC and PC) the methylation pattern was reversed. DMCs identified in the promoter were located in sites recognized by multiple transcription factors, suggesting involvement in gene expression. Alterations in methylation were correlated to an aggressive phenotype in cancer cell lines. In prostate and lung adenocarcinomas, increased methylation of PA CGs was correlated to decreased ENPP2 mRNA expression and to poor prognosis parameters. Collectively, our results corroborate that methylation is an active level of ATX expression regulation in cancer. Our study provides an extended description of the methylation status of ENPP2 in health and cancer and points out specific DMCs of value as prognostic biomarkers. 
  • 725
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Taste Processing from Animal Models
Taste processing is an adaptive mechanism involving complex physiological, motivational and cognitive processes. Animal models have provided relevant data about the neuroanatomical and neurobiological components of taste processing. 
  • 725
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Impact of Steatotic Liver Grafts for Transplantation
Liver allograft steatosis is a significant risk factor for postoperative graft dysfunction and has been associated with inferior patient and graft survival, particularly in the case of moderate or severe macrovesicular steatosis.
  • 725
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Exosomes
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) with small exosome(s) (PVAT-dEVexos) from the descending aorta are capable of entering capillaries and systemic circulation. These PVAT-dEVexos are delivered to the central nervous system (CNS) in preclinical, obese, insulin and leptin resistant, diabetic, db/db mouse models and humans with T2DM. Once within the CNS, these exosomes are capable of traversing the blood–brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier resulting in activation of the neuroglia microglia cell(s) (aMGCs) and the formation of reactive astrocytes (rACs). The chronic peripheral inflammation in the PVAT via crown-like structures consists of activated macrophages and mast cells, which harbor peripheral adipokines, cytokines, and chemokines (pCC) in addition to the EV exosomes. 
  • 724
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs at the GWAS Risk Loci
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key players in a variety of cellular processes. Deregulation of the lncRNAs has been implicated in prostate and breast cancers. Recently, germline genetic variations associated with cancer risk have been correlated with lncRNA expression and/or function. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at well-characterized cancer-associated lncRNAs have been analyzed for their association with cancer risk. These SNPs may occur within the lncRNA transcripts or spanning regions that may alter the structure, function, and expression of these lncRNA molecules and contribute to cancer progression and may have potential as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Additionally, some of these lncRNA have a tissue-specific expression profile, suggesting them as biomarkers for specific cancers.
  • 723
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Zebrafish Larvae Behavior Models for Pre-Clinical Assays
Phenotype-based screenings can transpose the organism’s compensatory pathways by adopting multi-target strategies for treating complex diseases, and zebrafish emerged as an important model for biomedical research and drug screenings. Zebrafish’s clear correlation between neuro-anatomical and physiological features and behavior is very similar to that verified in mammals, enabling the construction of reliable and relevant experimental models for neurological disorders research. Zebrafish presents highly conserved physiological pathways that are found in higher vertebrates, including mammals, along with a robust behavioral repertoire. Moreover, it is very sensitive to pharmacological/environmental manipulations, and these behavioral phenotypes are detected in both larvae and adults. These advantages align with the 3Rs concept and qualify the zebrafish as a powerful tool for drug screenings and pre-clinical trials.
  • 723
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Transmission and Clinical Manifestations of Zika
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family, genus Flavivirus and was first isolated 1947 in Uganda, Africa, from the serum of a sentinel Rhesus monkey. Since its discovery, the virus was responsible for major outbreaks in several different countries, being linked to severe complications in pregnant women, neonatal birth defects and the congenital zika syndrome. Maternal–fetal transmission of ZIKV can occur in all trimesters of pregnancy, and the role of the placenta and its cells in these cases is yet to be fully understood. The decidua basalis and chorionic villi, maternal–fetal components of the placenta, contain a rich immunological infiltrate composed by Hofbauer cells, mastocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages, primary cells of the innate immune response that have a role that still needs to be better investigated in ZIKV infection. 
  • 722
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cop9 Signalosome Subunits
The COP9 (Constitutive photomorphogenesis 9) signalosome (CSN) is a highly conserved protein complex that influences several signaling and developmental processes. The COP9 signalosome consists of eight subunits, among which two subunits, CSN5 and CSN6, contain an Mpr1/Pad1 N-terminal (MPN) domain and the remaining six subunits contain a proteasome, COP9 signalosome, and initiation factor 3 (PCI) domain. In plants, each MPN subunit is encoded by two genes, which is not the case in other organisms.
  • 721
  • 15 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Impact of Cytokines on Sepsis
Sepsis is an overwhelming inflammatory response to infection, resulting in multiple-organ injury. Neutrophils are crucial immune cells involved in innate response to pathogens and their migration and effector functions, such as phagocytosis and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, are dependent on cytokine presence and their concentration. In the course of sepsis, recruitment and migration of neutrophils to infectious foci gradually becomes impaired, thus leading to loss of a crucial arm of the innate immune response to infection. 
  • 721
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Oxytocin in Early-Life-Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Early-life stress during critical periods of brain development can have long-term effects on physical and mental health. Oxytocin is a critical social regulator and anti-inflammatory hormone that modulates stress-related functions and social behaviors and alleviates diseases. Oxytocin-related neural systems show high plasticity in early postpartum and adolescent periods. Early-life stress can influence the oxytocin system long term by altering the expression and signaling of oxytocin receptors. Deficits in social behavior, emotional control, and stress responses may result, thus increasing the risk of anxiety, depression, and other stress-related neuropsychiatric diseases. Oxytocin is regarded as an important target for the treatment of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. 
  • 721
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNA in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are RNA molecules that do not code for protein but play key roles in regulating cellular processes. NcRNAs globally affect gene expression in diverse physiological and pathological contexts. Functionally important ncRNAs act in chromatin modifications, mRNA stabilization and translation, and the regulation of various signaling pathways. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a set of conditions caused by the accumulation of triacylglycerol in the liver. Studies of ncRNA in NAFLD are limited but have demonstrated that ncRNAs play a critical role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. 
  • 720
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Extracellular Non-Coding RNAs as Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the world’s leading cause of death despite the best available healthcare and therapy. Extracellular non-coding RNAs (Ex-ncRNAs) are a heterogeneous group of RNAs, including small ncRNAs, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), which encompass the majority of the extracellular transcriptome.
  • 719
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Quercetin Induse Aggrephagy
Tartary buckwheat is used as an ingredient in flour and tea, as well as in traditional Chinese medicine for its antioxidant effects. Here, we found that an ethanol extract of tartary buckwheat (TBE) potently induced autophagy flux in HeLa cells by suppressing mTORC1 activity, as revealed by dephosphorylation of the mTORC1 substrates Ulk1, S6K, and 4EBP, as well as by the nuclear translocation of transcriptional factor EB. In addition to non-selective bulk autophagy, TBE also induced aggrephagy, which is defined as autophagy against aggregated proteins. Quercetin is a flavonol found at high levels in TBE. 
  • 716
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The Naked and Damaraland Mole-Rats
The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) and the Damaraland mole-rat (Fukomys damarensis) possess extreme reproductive skew with a single reproductive female responsible for reproduction.
  • 715
  • 29 Nov 2022
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