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Topic Review
Degradation of Rubber and Plastics by Oxidative Metalloenzymes
Biomass wastes are produced daily by different sources, such as residues from forestry, agriculture, and food industry or animal, food, and municipal solid wastes. Bioconversion of this non-edible biomass using microorganisms emerged as a promising green strategy to valorize the non-starch polymers that not only plants but crustaceans as well use to support and protect themselves.
  • 549
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Materials Design for N2O/CO2 Capture and Separation
The adsorption of greenhouse gases (GHG) as a method to reduce their emissions into the atmosphere is an alternative that is easier to implement industrially and cheaper than other existing technologies, such as chemical capture, cryogenic separation, or membrane separation. The vast majority of works found in the literature have focused their efforts on capturing CO2 as it is the largest GHG.
  • 548
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Au-Containing Cuprates
High pressure applications is strongly required for the synthesis of these materials because it is only way to stabilize gold oxides which are thermally very unstable at ambient pressures.
  • 539
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Salt's Thermophysical Parameters and Thermal Energy Storage Costs
Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (MNH) has the appropriate phase transition temperature for use in solar thermal energy storage. Understanding the thermophysical parameters of the substances, supported by the results of experimental studies in solar installations, may prove helpful for the environmental assessment of these substances.
  • 535
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Homotrimeric P2X7 Receptor Imaging Tracers
The homotrimeric P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is expressed by virtually all cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and plays a crucial role in various pathophysiological processes such as autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, neuropathic pain and cancer. Consequently, the P2X7R is considered a promising target for therapy and diagnosis. As the development of tracers comes hand-in-hand with the development of potent and selective receptor ligands, there is a rising number of PET tracers available in preclinical and clinical studies. P2X7R antagonists can be broadly subdivided into two categories: those able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enter the central nervous system, or those remaining peripherally. Commonly linked central nervous system (CNS) P2X7R applications are diseases like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) or multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as the formation of different types of cancer, i.e., glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). On the other hand, peripherally bioavailable P2X7R antagonists that are not BBB-permeable are attractive candidates for the treatment/diagnosis of lung and breast cancer.
  • 522
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Ytterbium Fluoride in Dental Materials
The compound ytterbium trifluoride is used as a component of several dental materials. Ytterbium trifluoride is reported to be insoluble in water. Despite this, its presence is associated with fluoride release from dental materials. There is evidence that it reacts with the components of calcium trisilicate cements to form small amounts of a variety of compounds, including ytterbium oxide, Yb2O3, and calcium–ytterbium fluoride, CaYbF5. In nanoparticulate form, it has been shown to reinforce glass polyalkenoates and it also provides high contrast in X-ray images.
  • 511
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Role of Water in B-Form DNA
DNA in the cell is rarely naked but normally protein-bound in nucleosomes. Of special interest is the DNA bound to other factors that control its key functions of transcription, replication, and repair. For these several transactions of DNA, the state of hydration plays an important role in its function, and therefore needs to be defined in as much detail as possible. High-resolution crystallography of short B-form duplexes shows that the mixed polar and apolar surface of the major groove binds water molecules over the broad polar floor of the groove in a sequence-dependent varied manner.
  • 448
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Organogermanium Analogues
One of the most fundamental topics in modern organogermanium chemistry is the study of low-coordinate species, and within this realm, the field of multiply bonded compounds is now one of the mainstreams. It therefore comes as no surprise that the literature covering the latter field is vast. Heteronuclear multiply bonded combinations of germanium with the Main Group elements of groups 13, 15, and 16, >Ge=E13–, >Ge=E15–, and >Ge=E16, respectively, are excluded from the consideration. Moreover, numerous compounds, in which the low-coordinate Ge center is intramolecularly (by n-donor substituents) or intermolecularly (through external donor ligands) coordinated, thus experiencing remarkable electronic perturbation, are also not considered, except for silagermenylidenes >Si=Ge(NHC): and digermanium(0) complexes :Ge0(NHC/or NHSi)=Ge0(NHC/or NHSi):, which otherwise cannot be stabilized for their isolation.
  • 448
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents Retention
The extracellular class of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) is an essential tool for clinical diagnosis and disease management. The differences observed in tissue gadolinium retention and deposition associated with GBCAs administration is the direct consequence of the differing thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness of GBCAs. 
  • 445
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
X-ray and Nuclear Spectroscopies for Non-Gadolinium MRI Agents
Nanoparticulated manganese cyanoferrate (K2Mn[Fe(CN)6]) and its analogs are non-toxic complexes and prime candidates for the next generation non-gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents. L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (L-XAS) and 57Fe specific nuclear resonant vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) can be combined as a modern spectroscopic method to evaluate the element specific and isotope specific information about the oxidation states, electronic spin states and the coordination environments for the metals inside these complexes.
  • 440
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pyranopterin-Dithiolene Contributions to Moco Enzyme Catalysis
The pyranopterin dithiolene ligand is remarkable in terms of its geometric and electronic structure and is uniquely found in mononuclear molybdenum and tungsten enzymes. The pyranopterin dithiolene is found coordinated to the metal ion, deeply buried within the protein, and non-covalently attached to the protein via an extensive hydrogen bonding network that is enzyme-specific. However, the function of pyranopterin dithiolene in enzymatic catalysis has been difficult to determine. This focused account aims to provide an overview of what has been learned from the study of pyranopterin dithiolene model complexes of molybdenum and how these results relate to the enzyme systems. 
  • 437
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Internal Modification and Structure Optimization of MOFs
Since the advent of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), researchers have paid extensive attention to MOFs due to their determined structural composition, controllable pore size, and diverse physical and chemical properties. Reasonable internal modification and structure optimization of MOFs may not only make the photosensitive units orderly, but also shorten the distance between the photosensitive units and the catalytic centers, so as to improve the efficiency of photogenerated electrons separation and accelerate the rate of hydrogen evolution.
  • 432
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Green Bioanalytical Applications
Bioanalysis is the scientific field of the quantitative determination of xenobiotics (e.g., drugs and their metabolites) and biotics (e.g., macromolecules) in biological matrices. The most common samples in bioanalysis include blood (i.e., serum, plasma and whole blood) and urine. 
  • 424
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Vanadium in Live Aspects
In Earth’s regions accessible for living organisms (Earth’s crust, crude oil, water sanctuaries and lower atmosphere), vanadium is present in the oxidation states +III and—essentially—+IV (cationic) and +V (cationic and anionic), with the redox interchange and biochemical recycling often monitored by bacteria. Organisms having available vanadium-containing (bio)molecules with essential functions for life include marine brown algae (haloperoxidases), ascidians and fan worms, as well as terrestrial organisms, viz., nitrogen-fixing bacteria (associated with the roots of legumes), and the fly agaric mushroom.
  • 411
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
LnBaCo2O5+δ
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) represent a breed of eco-friendly, weather-independent, decentralized power generation technologies, distinguished for their broad fuel versatility and superior electricity generation efficiency. 
  • 404
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Luminescent Chemosensors
Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based luminescent chemosensors combine the advantages of the highly specific molecular recognition of the imprinting sites and the high sensitivity with the luminescence detection. Luminescent molecularly imprinted polymers (luminescent MIPs) towards different targeted analytes are constructed with different strategies, such as the incorporation of luminescent functional monomers, physical entrapment, covalent attachment of luminescent signaling elements on the MIPs, and surface-imprinting polymerization on the luminescent nanomaterials.
  • 403
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Au(III) Cyclometallated Compounds with 2-Arylpyridines
A large numbers of reports (>100) described molecules (>500) and single crystal X-ray structures (>200) indicated that the Au(III) compounds with 2-arylpyridines* and their derivatives or analogues are interesting from the chemical, spectroscopic, and structural viewpoints. The most popular Au(III)-2PPY* species are those with 2-phenylpyridine* and 2-(4-methylphenyl)pyridine*, while among Au(III)-2ArPY* molecules-those containing 2-benzylpyridine* ring system.
  • 393
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Medicinal  Application of Palladium Nanoparticles
Palladium (Pd), a noble metal, has unique properties for C-C bond formation in reactions such as the Suzuki and Heck reactions. Besides Pd-based complexes, Pd NPs have also attracted significant attention for applications such as fuel cells, hydrogen storage, and sensors for gases such as H2 and non-enzymatic glucose, including catalysis. Additionally, Pd NPs are catalysts in environmental treatment to abstract organic and heavy-metal pollutants such as Cr (VI) by converting them to Cr(III). In terms of biological activity, Pd NPs were found to be active against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, where 99.99% of bacteria were destroyed, while PVP-Pd NPs displayed anticancer activity against human breast cancer MCF7.
  • 382
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Iridaaromatics via Methoxy(alkenyl)carbeneiridium Complexes
The development of a versatile methodology to synthesize polycyclic metallaaromatic hydrocarbons based on iridium, as well as the studies that helped to determine and understand what is required in order to broaden the scope and the selectivity of the methodology and stabilize the complexes obtained. This methodology aims to open the door to new materials based on graphene fragments.
  • 371
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Zeolite Synthesis and the Crystallization Process
Zeolites, as a class of crystalline minerals, find a wide range of applications in various fields, such as catalysis, separation, and adsorption. These materials have also been developed for advanced applications, such as gas storage, medical applications, magnetic adsorption, and zeolitic-polymeric membranes. To effectively design zeolites for such intriguing applications, it is crucial to intelligently adjust their crystal size, morphology, and defect population in relation to crystal perfection. Optimizing these fundamental parameters necessitates a deep understanding of zeolite formation mechanisms, encompassing the thermodynamics and kinetics of nucleation steps as well as crystallite growth. 
  • 345
  • 31 Jul 2023
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