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Topic Review
Intermediate Strain Rate Testing Devices
The existing experimental tests are mainly designed to study the mechanical response of materials at various strain rates. Many researchers performed the experimental test in tension, compression, and shear (with torsion test) over a wide range of strain rates. They found out that material exhibits an increase in yield stress as well as flows stress with an increase in strain rate. It illustrates that there is a need for experimental data to study the material behaviour over the full range of strain rates, from quasi-static to high strain rate test. Many special techniques have been developed to bridge the strain rate gap between quasi-static and high strain rate testing to provide a method for an intermediate strain rate test for engineering materials. Some researchers have tried to conduct intermediate strain rate tests with standard servo-hydraulic load frames. However, the results of such tests are not accurate. The problem is that during the experiment, the whole machine is not in static equilibrium. The inertial effect influences the experimental data. The records obtained from these machines are often noisy with large oscillation. therefore, the comprehensive review is given to describes the development and evolution of the existing intermediate strain rate testing devices which includes the working principles, some critical theories, technological innovation in load measurement techniques, components of the device, basic technical assumption, and measuring techniques. In addition, some research direction on future implementation and development of an intermediate strain rate apparatus is also discussed in detail.
  • 2.4K
  • 18 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Industry 4.0 Manufacturing Systems
Manufacturing systems are generally “physical” systems in a physical world. The internet is a cyber-world. The internet has allowed for global connectedness. At the same time, infused with this connectedness, is a “dark web.” The dark web constitutes malware, viruses, “ransomware-as-a-service,” and other divisive instruments. Industry 4.0 brings together in the form of “cyber-physical” systems a new range of opportunities for additive manufacturing. While the opportunity of connectedness maps, at the same time, the challenges of the “dark web” also maps into this world of manufacturing. On a growing basis, measures to improve cybersecurity continue to develop. These measures include the lever of machine and deep learning. In this entry, the authors use engineering control systems and other relevant theories, including augmented artificial intelligence, as a way of making more secure cyber-physical systems and thereby making practical the considerations for Industry 4.0.
  • 2.4K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Embedded Sensors with 3D Printing Technology
Embedded sensors (ESs) are used in smart materials to enable continuous and permanent measurements of their structural integrity, while sensing technology involves developing sensors, sensory systems, or smart materials that monitor a wide range of properties of materials. Incorporating 3D-printed sensors into hosting structures has grown in popularity because of improved assembly processes, reduced system complexity, and lower fabrication costs. 3D-printed sensors can be embedded into structures and attached to surfaces through two methods: attaching to surfaces or embedding in 3D-printed sensors.
  • 2.3K
  • 11 Jun 2024
Topic Review
Structural Health Monitoring Systems
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a rapidly evolving field, and there is a vast literature covering several topics that are related to this field. This entry is focused on the analysis of the state of the art of sensors for guided ultrasonic waves for the detection and localization of impacts for structural health monitoring (SHM).
  • 2.3K
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Sectors of the Glass Industry
The glass industry is highly diverse, both in terms of products and production processes, making articles ranging from artistic handmade glass goblets to large flat glass plates for the construction and automotive sectors. 
  • 2.3K
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Systems Thinking
Systems thinking is an evolving field, and there is growing demand to integrate systems thinking into many fields. As this demand increases, so does the need for and importance of identifying systems thinkers.
  • 2.3K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Brazil’s Formal E-Waste Recycling System
Disruptive innovation has led to the increased obsolescence and accelerated replacement of electrical and electronic equipment, resulting in the rapid growth of waste electrical and electronic equipment (e-waste) worldwide. However, amidst the challenges in e-waste management, the recovery of secondary raw materials from e-waste presents an attractive business opportunity.
  • 2.3K
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Sensor-Based Smart Factory
Smart factories have modern sensor technology, intelligent analytical programs, and networking components of production (machines, supplies, components, final products, equipment, etc.). Smart factories are a new way of organizing production. Their goal is to better serve customers through greater production flexibility and resource optimisation.
  • 2.2K
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Composite Material Recycling Technology
The recycling of fiber reinforced composite materials will therefore play an important role in the future, in particular for the wind energy, but also for aerospace, automotive, construction and marine sectors to reduce environmental impacts and to meet the demand.
  • 2.2K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Biopolymers in Textiles
Given the significant contamination of our ecosystem caused by synthetic fibers involved in the textile industry, biomaterials derived from renewable resources or endowed with biodegradability characteristics have been proposed as a possible green solution for reducing the environmental impact of fabric production. The use of polymers derived from renewable sources (both biodegradable and non-biodegradable) would result in reduced greenhouses emissions (GHG) and fossil fuel consumption (FFC) when compared to common fossil-based, non-biodegradable polymers, the most common polyester (PET), polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP). Although less biodegradable compared to natural-based fibers (wool, cotton), aliphatic polyester bio-based fibers are biodegraded more quickly compared to PET fibers. Furthermore, the larger moisture vapor transmission of bio-based polymers compared to PET, PA and PP materials, allows greater breathability by corresponding fabrics. Biobased fibers are also endowed with good mechanical resistance and antibacterial properties, low flammability and less smoke generation.
  • 2.2K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Respirator Cartridge
A respirator cartridge or canister is a container that cleans pollution from air. People working in polluted atmospheres use respirators for health preservation. If the air in the workplace is polluted with noxious gases, but contains sufficient oxygen (>19.5% in US; >18% in RF) they often use air-purifying respirators (APR). These respirators provide users breathable air by removing pollution from ambient air using canisters or cartridges. There are cartridges of different types, and they must be chosen correctly and replaced in a timely manner.
  • 2.2K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Truck Appointment Scheduling Problem
Scheduling the arrival of external trucks in container terminals is a critical operational decision that faces both terminal managers and trucking companies. This issue is crucial for both stakeholders since the random arrival of trucks causes congestion in the terminals and extended delays for the trucks.
  • 2.2K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Room Temperature Sodium Sulfur Batteries
Lithium metal batteries have achieved large-scale application, but still have limitations such as poor safety performance and high cost, and limited lithium resources limit the production of lithium batteries. The construction of these devices is also hampered by limited lithium supplies. Therefore, it is particularly important to find alternative metals for lithium replacement. Sodium has the properties of rich in content, low cost and ability to provide high voltage, which makes it an ideal substitute for lithium. Sulfur-based materials have attributes of high energy density, high theoretical specific capacity and are easily oxidized. They may be used as cathodes matched with sodium anodes to form a sodium-sulfur battery. Traditional sodium-sulfur batteries are used at a temperature of about 300 °C. In order to solve problems associated with flammability, explosiveness and energy loss caused by high-temperature use conditions, most research is now focused on the development of room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries. Regardless of safety performance or energy storage performance, room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries have great potential as next-generation secondary batteries. This article summarizes the working principle and existing problems for room temperature sodium-sulfur battery, and summarizes the methods necessary to solve key scientific problems to improve the comprehensive energy storage performance of sodium-sulfur battery from four aspects: cathode, anode, electrolyte and separator.
  • 2.2K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
DAISY Digital Talking Book
DAISY (Digital Accessible Information SYstem) is a technical standard for digital audiobooks, periodicals and computerized text. DAISY is designed to be a complete audio substitute for print material and is specifically designed for use by people with "print disabilities", including blindness, impaired vision, and dyslexia. Based on the MP3 and XML formats, the DAISY format has advanced features in addition to those of a traditional audio book. Users can search, place bookmarks, precisely navigate line by line, and regulate the speaking speed without distortion. DAISY also provides aurally accessible tables, references and additional information. As a result, DAISY allows visually impaired listeners to navigate something as complex as an encyclopedia or textbook, otherwise impossible using conventional audio recordings. DAISY multimedia can be a book, magazine, newspaper, journal, computerized text or a synchronized presentation of text and audio. It provides up to six embedded "navigation levels" for content, including embedded objects such as images, graphics, and MathML. In the DAISY standard, navigation is enabled within a sequential and hierarchical structure consisting of (marked-up) text synchronized with audio. DAISY 2 was based on XHTML and SMIL. DAISY 3 is a newer technology, also based on XML, and is standardized as ANSI/NISO Z39.86-2005. The DAISY Consortium was founded in 1996 and consists of international organizations committed to developing equitable access to information for people who have a print disability. The consortium was selected by the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) as the official maintenance agency for the DAISY/NISO Standard.
  • 2.2K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Flux Classification
Flux is a granular material that primarily consists of oxides and CaF2. The manufacturing method plays an important role in shaping the flux features.
  • 2.2K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Autonomous Haulage Systems
Mining is an industry that inherits the full advantage of Industry 4.0 by using cutting-edge driverless vehicles called Autonomous Haulage Systems (AHS) or Autonomous Haulage Trucks (AHT). These trucks can carry up to four hundred tons of ore and accurately transport it without human interaction. AHS is the state-of-the-art in the mining industry for autonomous vehicles.
  • 2.2K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Tool Wear Suppression Methods of Diamond-cutting Ferrous Metals
This entry introduces some common tool wear suppression methods of diamond-cutting ferrous metals.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing and Circular Economy
Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a disruptive and powerful tool for industrial systems in the Industry 4.0 era by helping businesses flourish in the contemporary dynamic competitive landscape. However, their achievements and development highly rely on “take-make-waste” linear business models, which come, all too often, to the detriment of the environment. Hence, a shift to Circular Economy (CE) practices promoting the acceleration of the transition to resource-efficient systems and the minimization of environmental degradation is now more imperative than ever. 
  • 2.1K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ophthalmoscopy
Ophthalmoscopy, also called funduscopy, is a test that allows a health professional to see inside the fundus of the eye and other structures using an ophthalmoscope (or funduscope). It is done as part of an eye examination and may be done as part of a routine physical examination. It is crucial in determining the health of the retina, optic disc, and vitreous humor. The pupil is a hole through which the eye's interior will be viewed. Opening the pupil wider (dilating it) is a simple and effective way to better see the structures behind it. Therefore, dilation of the pupil (mydriasis) is often accomplished with medicated eye drops before funduscopy. However, although dilated fundus examination is ideal, undilated examination is more convenient and is also helpful (albeit not as comprehensive), and it is the most common type in primary care. An alternative or complement to ophthalmoscopy is to perform a fundus photography, where the image can be analysed later by a professional.
  • 2.1K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Calcium Carbonate
Technologies for the management of various types of waste and the production of useful products from them are currently widely studied. Both carbon dioxide and calcium-rich waste from various production processes are problematic wastes that can be used to produce calcium carbonate. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview about the state of the development of processes that use these two wastes to obtain a valuable CaCO3 powder.
  • 2.1K
  • 15 Dec 2020
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