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Topic Review
Bilberry Spruce Forest
Bilberry spruce forests are the most widespread forest type in the European boreal zone. Limiting the clear-cuttings size leads to fragmentation of forest cover and the appearance of large areas of ecotone complexes, composed of forest (F), a transition from forest to the cut-over site under tree canopy (FE), a transition from forest to the cut-over site beyond tree canopy (CE), and the actual clear-cut site (C).
  • 589
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Payment for Ecosystem Services
Payment for ecosystem services (PES) is a market-based policy approach intended to foster land use practices, such as forest conservation or restoration, that protect and improve the social benefits from healthy, functioning ecosystems. While PES programs are used globally, they are an especially prominent environmental policy tool in Latin America, where the vast majority are payment for hydrological services (PHS) programs. PHS programs incentivize the conservation and restoration of ecosystems associated with water production and clean water for clearly defined water users, such as household water users, industries and farmers. As a market mechanism, PHS approaches involve a transactional relationship between upstream water producers and downstream water users who are connected by a shared watershed.
  • 580
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ecosystem Carbon Density Changes to Topographical Factors
The total ecosystem carbon density (ECD) is referred to as the sum of all carbon pools, including the soil carbon density or stocks.
  • 569
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Forest Management Plans in Southern Mexico
Mexican forest communities are a worldwide model of community forest management for timber production and conservation of forest resources under the form of community forest enterprises (CFEs).
  • 549
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Eupatorium in Cosmetic Ingredients
The Eupatorium plant has been well used in medication and as a decorative plant. Some studies have reported that this herb has biochemical compounds, such as sesquiterpenes, phenolics, polysaccharides, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Thus, it has pharmacological effects, including antifungal, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antinociceptive properties, that can be utilized for cosmetic purposes.
  • 546
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Plant Litter and Litter Carbon
Investigations on the budget of plant litter and litter carbon in forest streams can provide a key scientific basis for understanding the biogeochemical linkages of terrestrial–aquatic ecosystems and managing forest catchments.
  • 539
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Global Forest Types
Forest types are generally identified using vegetation or land-use types. However, vegetation classifications less frequently consider the actual forest attributes within each type. To address this in an objective way across different regions and to link forest attributes with their climate, we aimed to improve the distribution of forest types to be more realistic and useful for biodiversity preservation, forest management, and ecological and forestry research. The forest types were classified using an unsupervised cluster analysis method by combining climate variables with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data.
  • 538
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Restoring Mexican Tropical Dry Forests
Deforestation is the dominant threat to tropical dry forests (TDFs) in Mexico. Its causes include agriculture, tourism, and mining. In some cases, unassisted forest regeneration is sufficient to return diverse forest cover to a site, but in other cases, changes in land use are so severe that active restoration is required to reintroduce tree cover. 
  • 533
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Biological Deterioration and Natural Durability of Wood
The use of wood has gained social interest, leading to a global increase in its demand. Yet, this demand is often covered by the production of woods of low natural durability against biological deterioration. The main biological agents with the potential to attack the structural integrity of wood are wood-decay fungi, saproxylic beetles, termites, and marine molluscs and crustaceans. In most circumstances, fungi are the main wood-deteriorating agents. To attack the cell wall, wood-decay fungi combine a complex enzymatic mechanism with non-enzymatic mechanisms based on low-molecular-weight compounds. In some cases, the larvae of saproxylic beetles can also digest cell wood components, causing serious deterioration to wooden structures. The impact of subterranean termites in Europe is concentrated in the Southern countries, causing important economic losses. However, alien invasive species of voracious subterranean termites are expanding their presence in Europe. Wooden elements in permanent contact with marine water can be readily deteriorated by mollusc and crustacean borers, for which current preservatives lack efficacy. The natural durability of wood is defined as the inherent resistance of wood to catastrophic action by wood-destroying organisms. Besides exposure to the climate, product design and use conditions, the natural durability of wood is key to the prediction of the service life of wooden products, which can be shortened due to the impact of global change. 
  • 526
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Investments in Pinus elliottii Plantations: Real Options Analysis
The commonly used methods for the financial evaluation of plantation forest investment projects do not incorporate uncertainties and ignore the value related to flexibility. The real options analysis makes it possible to capture these values in investment projects, increasing their value and return. Investment projects in Pinus elliotti plantations that contemplate the land purchase analyzed through the real options analysis present higher financial returns than those that consider land lease, inverting the result provided by the traditional analysis.
  • 523
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Dynamics of Methane
Mangrove forests sequester a significant amount of organic matter in their sediment and are recognized as an important carbon storage source (i.e., blue carbon, including in seagrass ecosystems and other coastal wetlands). The methane-producing archaea in anaerobic sediments releases methane, a greenhouse gas species. The contribution to total greenhouse gas emissions from mangrove ecosystems remains controversial. However, the intensity CH4 emissions from anaerobic mangrove sediment is known to be sensitive to environmental changes, and the sediment is exposed to oxygen by methanotrophic (CH4-oxidizing) bacteria as well as to anthropogenic impacts and climate change in mangrove forests. This review discusses the major factors decreasing the effect of mangroves on CH4 emissions from sediment, the significance of ecosystem protection regarding forest biomass and the hydrosphere/soil environment, and how to evaluate emission status geospatially. An innovative “digital-twin” system overcoming the difficulty of field observation is required for suggesting sustainable mitigation in mangrove ecosystems, such as a locally/regionally/globally heterogenous environment with various random factors.
  • 517
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Principles of Aboveground Biomass Estimation via Remote Sensing
Quantifying forest aboveground biomass (AGB) is essential for elucidating the global carbon cycle and the response of forest ecosystems to climate change.  Remote-sensing techniques have played a vital role in forest AGB estimation at different scales.
  • 479
  • 15 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Decision Support Systems in Forestry and Tree-Planting Practices
Using deep neural networks (DNNs), a decision support system (DSS) can be trained to learn from a large dataset of tree data, including information about tree species, climate, soil conditions, and other factors that influence tree growth and survival. This is because the use of neural networks was proposed three decades ago to solve forest management problems by integrating forest knowledge with artificial intelligence (AI). AI greatly benefits sustainability and the preservation of ecosystem values, as increasing disruptions in a changing world can only be managed beyond human intelligence. Furthermore, despite the various DSSs and AI systems used, the appointment of appropriate project managers is crucial to the execution and subsequent success of a project.
  • 471
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
How Climate Affects Wood Formation
Climate conditions are the first of many variables that influence how trees produce wood, resulting in the annual wood-forming rhythm [9]. Temperature and photoperiod influence cambium reactivation and secondary xylem production.
  • 461
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cork Development
The cork layer present in all dicotyledonous plant species with radial growth is the result of the phellogen activity, a secondary meristem that produces phellem (cork) to the outside and phelloderm inwards. These three different tissues form the periderm, an efficient protective tissue working as a barrier against external factors such as environmental aggressions and pathogen attacks. 
  • 448
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Monitoring of Hemiboreal Tree Dynamics
Observed climate change (CC) has already led to a wide range of impacts on environmental systems, forests, economies, and human health in Europe. These impacts vary across main biogeographical regions in Europe depending on climatic, geographic, and socio-economic conditions. Forests are characterized by the development of contiguous communities of trees sufficiently uniform in composition, structure, age, size, class, distribution, spatial arrangement, site quality, condition, or location to distinguish them from adjacent communities created by human intervention. Human impact on tree species occurs directly through population transfer, regeneration, and the silvicultural regimes applied, and this impact is large as it lasts for centuries.
  • 446
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Mycorrhiza in Pines
Mycorrhiza is one of the fundamental phenomena of nature, characteristic of land plants from the moment of their formation, representing a form of symbiosis between plants, fungi, and bacteria.
  • 438
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Tree Trunk Injection
Traditional spraying of pesticides causes significant drift losses, and the residues of pesticides can also affect non-targeted organisms in the environment. Tree injection technology is a precise and targeted pesticide delivery method used in the prevention and treatment of tree and fruit tree pest infestations. It uses the tree’s xylem to transport the injected pesticides throughout the entire plant, reducing pesticide exposure in an open environment.
  • 423
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Restoring Natural Forests for Water Quality and Abundance
Deep rooted native forests are the most efficient land-covers for achieving water quality and abundance and for mitigating climate extremes at continents
  • 408
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Gravity in Salix matsudana (Koidz)
The study of the gravity response of roots and shoots is of great significance when exploring the polarity of plants and the development of the forest industry. 
  • 401
  • 21 Dec 2021
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