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Topic Review
Gangliosidoses
Gangliosides are sialic acid containing complex glycolipids, anchored and enriched in the outer leaflet of neuronal plasma membranes, with their glycan chains facing the extracellular space. Undegradeable gangliosides and related glycosphingolipids and oligosaccharides accumulate progressively  in fatal lysosomal storage diseases, originally described as infantile amaurotic idiocy. Their lysosomal storage is caused by specific monogenic defects of catabolic hydrolyses or ancillary lipid-binding and -transfer proteins, essential for specific steps in their lysosomal catabolism.  However, small gangliosides can also accumulate as secondary material in other lysosomal storage diseases without a known defect in their catabolic pathway. Primary storage material of such diseases, sphingomyelin, lysosphingolipids, cholesterol and chondroitin sulfate are efficient inhibitors of specific steps of ganglioside catabolic pathway. They  can attenuate ganglioside turnover, assisted by lipid binding proteins, the GM2 activator protein (GM2AP) and saposin B
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Allosteric GABAA Receptor Modulators
Among the mammalian ligand-gated ion channels, the GABAA receptor family comprises the largest family with subunits encoded by 19 different genes. Some of these undergo alternative splicing, and, thereby, increase the variety. Their endogenous ligand known as the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been established as the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Stomatognathic Diseases in Neurological Disorders
Patients affected by neurological disorders can develop stomatognathic diseases (SD) related to decreased bite force and quality of mastication, bruxism, severe clicking and other temporomandibular disorders (TMD), which deeply affect patients’ swallowing, masticatory and phonation functions and, therefore, their quality of life. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
C-reactive protein (CRP) apheresis
Almost every kind of inflammation in the human body is accompanied by rising C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. This can include bacterial and viral infection, chronic inflammation and so-called sterile inflammation triggered by (internal) acute tissue injury. CRP is part of the ancient humoral immune response and secreted into the circulation by the liver upon respective stimuli. Its main immunological functions are the opsonization of biological particles (bacteria and dead or dying cells) for their clearance by macrophages and the activation of the classical complement pathway. This not only helps to eliminate pathogens and dead cells, which is very useful in any case, but unfortunately also to remove only slightly damaged or inactive human cells that may potentially regenerate with more CRP-free time. CRP action severely aggravates the extent of tissue damage during the acute phase response after an acute injury and therefore negatively affects clinical outcome. CRP is therefore a promising therapeutic target to rescue energy-deprived tissue either caused by ischemic injury (e.g., myocardial infarction and stroke) or by an overcompensating immune reaction occurring in acute inflammation (e.g., pancreatitis) or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS; e.g., after transplantation or surgery). Selective CRP apheresis can remove circulating CRP safely and efficiently. We explain the pathophysiological reasoning behind therapeutic CRP apheresis and summarize the broad span of indications in which its application could be beneficial with a focus on ischemic stroke as well as the results of this therapeutic approach after myocardial infarction.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Sep 2020
Biography
Corrado I. Angelini
Corrado Angelini (born August 3, 1941) is a neurologist with a particular interest in neurometabolic and neuromuscular disorders. He received his medical degree at the University of Padova and has done his residency at the University of Padova, Mayo Clinic. He passed FLEX Examination in Minneapolis, in 1973 and obtained the North Dakota State License Examination (No. 3339), since 1973, he has he
  • 1.5K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Cerebral Ischemia
Cerebral ischemia represents the third cause of death and the first cause of disability in adults. This process results from decreasing cerebral blood flow levels as a result of the occlusion of a major cerebral artery. This restriction in blood supply generates low levels of oxygen and glucose, which leads to a decrease in the energy metabolism of the cell, producing inflammation, and finally, neurological deterioration. Currently, blood restoration of flow is the only effective approach as a therapy in terms of ischemic stroke. However, a significant number of patients still have a poor prognosis, probably owing to the increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the reperfusion of damaged tissue. Oxidative stress and inflammation can be avoided by modulating mitochondrial function and have been identified as potential targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. In recent years, the beneficial actions of flavonoids and polyphenols against cerebrovascular diseases have been extensively investigated. The use of resveratrol (RSV) has been shown to markedly decrease brain damage caused by ischemia in numerous studies. According to in vitro and in vivo experiments, there is growing evidence that RSV is involved in several pathways, including cAMP/AMPK/SIRT1 regulation, JAK/ERK/STAT signaling pathway modulation, TLR4 signal transduction regulation, gut/brain axis modulation, GLUT3 up-regulation inhibition, neuronal autophagy activation, and de novo SUR1 expression inhibition.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cold-Stimulus Headache in Children and Adolescents
Cold-stimulus headache (CSH) is a primary headache disorder brought on by a cold stimulus applied externally to the head, ingested, or inhaled. The literature on CSH is relatively sparse compared to other primary headache disorders, as it is a difficult condition to study, mostly because of its short-lasting duration. Moreover, works on the pediatric population are very limited and none of these consider children under 8 years of age. CSH has a higher lifetime prevalence in the pediatric population than in the adult one. Differently to the adult population in which women have a higher prevalence of CSH than men, there is no significant gender-specific prevalence in children.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Situational Factors Affecting Tic Severity
Much of the research regarding Tourette’s syndrome (TS) has focused on why certain individuals develop tics while others do not. However, a separate line of research focuses on the momentary influences that cause tics to increase or decrease in patients who are already known to have TS or another chronic tic disorder (CTD). Environmental and internal variables such as fatigue, anxiety, and certain types of thoughts all have been shown to worsen tic severity and may even overcome the positive effects of treatment. Other influences such as stress, distraction, and being observed have had mixed effects in the various studies that have examined them. Still, other variables such as social media exposure and dietary habits have received only minimal research attention and would benefit from additional study. Understanding the impact of these environmental and internal influences provides an opportunity to improve behavioral treatments for TS/CTD and to improve the lives of those living with these conditions. 
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies
Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies, also known as protein conformational diseases or amyloidosis, are a group of diseases associated with the deposition of misaggregated proteins in the nervous system.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Type I IFNs in Long-Haul COVID Syndrome
Interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines originally identified for their antiviral activity. IFN-α and IFN-β are both type I IFNs that have been used to treat neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Microglia, astrocytes, as well as neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems, including spinal cord neurons and dorsal root ganglion neurons, express type I IFN receptors (IFNARs). Type I IFNs play an active role in regulating cognition, aging, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases. Notably, by suppressing neuronal activity and synaptic transmission, IFN-α and IFN-β produced potent analgesia.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
NK Cell and NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy for Cancer
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Despite multimodality treatment involving surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and tumor-treating fields, the median overall survival (OS) after diagnosis is approximately 2 years and the 5-year OS is poor. Considering the poor prognosis, novel treatment strategies are needed, such as immunotherapies. Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy involves the new feature of recognizing GBM via differing mechanisms from that of T cell-based immunotherapy. 
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling
The function of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) via activation through its high-affinity receptor Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) has a pivotal role in cell differentiation, cell survival, synaptic plasticity, and both embryonic and adult neurogenesis in central nervous system neurons. A number of studies have demonstrated the possible involvement of altered expression and action of the BDNF/TrkB signaling in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this review, we introduce an essential role of the BDNF and its downstream signaling in neural function. We also review the current evidence on the deregulated the BDNF signaling in the pathophysiology of AD at gene, mRNA, and protein levels. Further, we discuss a potential usefulness of small compounds, including flavonoids, which can stimulate BDNF-related signaling as a BDNF-targeting therapy.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Neuropathic Pain
Neuropathic pain in humans arises as a consequence of injury or disease of somatosensory nervous system at peripheral or central level. Peripheral neuropathic pain is more common than central neuropathic pain, and is supposed to result from peripheral mechanisms, following nerve injury. The animal models of neuropathic pain show extensive functional and structural changes occurring in neuronal and non-neuronal cells in response to peripheral nerve injury. These pathological changes following damage lead to peripheral sensitization development, and subsequently to central sensitization initiation with spinal and supraspinal mechanism involved. The aim of this narrative review paper is to discuss the mechanisms engaged in peripheral neuropathic pain generation and maintenance, with special focus on the role of glial, immune, and epithelial cells in peripheral nociception. Based on the preclinical and clinical studies, interactions between neuronal and non-neuronal cells have been described, pointing out at the molecular/cellular underlying mechanisms of neuropathic pain, which might be potentially targeted by topical treatments in clinical practice. The modulation of the complex neuro-immuno-cutaneous interactions in the periphery represents a strategy for the development of new topical analgesics and their utilization in clinical settings.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Central Nervous System in Trichinellosis
Trichinellosis is a parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw meat infected with larvae of nematode in the genus Trichinella. 
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Deep Brain Stimulation
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an invasive but established neurosurgical procedure that involves the implantation of one or more electrodes into a targeted brain area, an implantable pulse generator (IPG), and an extension connecting the electrode to the IPG. The IPG contains the battery and circuitry, which generate the electrical signal that is delivered to the targeted brain structure. The DBS system allows for the delivery of electrical pulses to specific areas of the brain with minimal effects on nearby regions.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Since impaired mitochondria are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress is closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and has been assumed to be the principal molecular mechanism for the pathogenesis of various diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders. Molecular imaging reflecting oxidative stress has improved our insights into the pathological mechanisms of diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, and is a promising tool for monitoring further antioxidant therapies.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Gender Differences in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that is responsible for cognitive impairment, non-motor, and motor symptoms, which has been found to significantly affect health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The gender differences of the health-related quality of life of subjects with Parkinson’s disease have been observed in a number of studies.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Brain Metastasis from CUP
Brain metastases (BMs) are the most common intracranial tumours in adults and occur up to 3–10 times more frequently than primary brain tumours. BMs may be the cause of the neurological presenting symptoms in patients with otherwise previously undiagnosed cancer. In up to 15% of patients with BMs, the primary tumour cannot be identified. These cases are known as BM of cancer of unknown primary (CUP) (BM-CUP). CUP has an early and aggressive metastatic spread, poor response to chemotherapy, and poor prognosis. The pathogenesis of CUP seems to be characterized by a specific underlying pro-metastatic signature.  This entry is a review of modern diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to brain metastases from unknown primary tumor.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy of Brain Tumors
Direct biopsies obtain tissue material from the primary tumor, either via neurosurgical removal of all or most parts of a tumor or via stereotactic tissue biopsy. In contrast, a liquid biopsy uses body fluids collected distant to the brain tumor, such as venous blood from the arm or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via lumbar or cisternal puncture.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and Its Clinical Applications
MEG has two clinical applications, i.e., localization of epileptic foci and pre-operative evaluation for brain surgery candidates. MEG is also an important neuroimaging tool for the therapeutic planning of several mental disorders and abnormality analysis such as epilepsy, autism, schizophrenia, stroke, head trauma, and monitoring of drug administration
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Jun 2022
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