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Topic Review
Naringin
Polyphenols comprise a number of natural substances, such as flavonoids, that show interesting biological effects. Among these substances is naringin, a naturally occurring flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits and Chinese medicinal herbs. Several studies have shown that naringin has numerous biological properties, including cardioprotective, cholesterol-lowering, anti-Alzheimer’s, nephroprotective, antiageing, antihyperglycemic, antiosteoporotic and gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anticancer and antiulcer effects. Despite its multiple benefits, the clinical application of naringin is severely restricted due to its susceptibility to oxidation, poor water solubility, and dissolution rate.
  • 2.6K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Versatility in the Applications of Dithiocarbamates
Dithiocarbamate ligands have the ability to form stable complexes with transition metals, and this chelating ability has been utilized in numerous applications. The complexes have also been used to synthesize other useful compounds. 
  • 2.5K
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Gum Tragacanth
Gum tragacanth (GT) is recently showing great promise as a therapeutic substance in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
  • 2.5K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
HMF, an indispensable member of the furan-based platform compound, known as the “sleeping giant”, is a bridge between renewable biomass and industrial bulk chemicals. In recent years, the catalytic transformation of biomass to HMF has been widely studied and envisaged to be hopeful in achieving sustainable biorefineries. The synthesis of HMF from biomass requires the acid hydrolysis of biomass to hexose, and then dehydration of hexose, to obtain HMF. In the second step of dehydration, starting from ketohexose (fructose) is more efficient than starting from aldohexose (glucose).
  • 2.5K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Bio-Coatings Methods for Fruits and Vegetables Preservation
Consuming fresh food is undoubtedly the best way to enjoy various flavors and nutrients, but their preservation helps to enjoy all these even out of season. Bio-coating technologies hold great promise for the future of food preservation, offering a more sustainable and healthy way to keep fruits and vegetables fresh for more extended periods. The choice of a coating method may depend on the type of fresh fruits and vegetables, the coating material, and the desired coating thickness. The application method should be carried out under hygienic conditions to prevent contamination and ensure the effectiveness of the coating. It is also essential to apply the coating evenly and that it adheres properly to the surface of the produce, maximizing its effectiveness. The coating material can be applied in its pure form or mixed with other ingredients such as antioxidants, preservatives, or antimicrobial agents, thus enhancing its effectiveness.
  • 2.5K
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biosensors for Malaria Biomarkers
This entry discusses recent advances in the development of biosensors for the purposes of malaria diagnostics. It underscore relevant challenges that have defined the gap between biosensor development and their successful utilization in routine clinical practice within resource-limitted settings. It proposes a way to think about developing biosensors that are suitable for biomedical diagnostics applications.
  • 2.4K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Zeolite/Pharmaceuticals System
Zeolites belong to aluminosilicate microporous solids, with strong and diverse catalytic activity, which makes them applicable in almost every kind of industrial process, particularly thanks to their eco-friendly profile. Another crucial characteristic of zeolites is their tremendous adsorption capability. Therefore, it is self-evident that the widespread use of zeolites is in environmental protection, based primarily on the adsorption capacity of substances potentially harmful to the environment, such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, or other industry pollutants. On the other hand, zeolites are also recognized as drug delivery systems (DDS) carriers for numerous pharmacologically active agents. The enhanced bioactive ability of DDS zeolite as a drug carrying nanoplatform is confirmed, making this system more specific and efficient, compared to the drug itself. These two applications of zeolite, in fact, illustrate the importance of (ir)reversibility of the adsorption process. 
  • 2.4K
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Technologies in H2S Removal from Gas Streams
Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic and corrosive gas; thus, in order to mitigate its environmental impact, its capture and removal from various emitting sources, natural and anthropogenic, is of a necessity. 
  • 2.4K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Olive Mill Wastewater Remediation
Olive oil production in Mediterranean countries represents a crucial market, especially for Spain, Italy, and Greece. Waste generated from olive oil production processes can be divided into solid waste and olive mill wastewaters (OMWW). 
  • 2.4K
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Metal Organic Frameworks
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a family of porous crystalline materials that serve in some cases as versatile platforms for catalysis. 
  • 2.4K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
Gamma-Aminobutyric acid, or γ-aminobutyric acid /ˈɡæmə əˈmiːnoʊbjuːˈtɪrɪk ˈæsɪd/, or GABA /ˈɡæbə/, is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the developmentally mature mammalian central nervous system. Its principal role is reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. GABA is sold as a dietary supplement in many countries. It has been traditionally thought that exogenous GABA (i.e. taken as a supplement) doesn't cross the blood-brain barrier, however data obtained from more current research indicates that it may be possible.
  • 2.4K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bioethanol Production Using Seawater
  Bioethanol has many environmental and practical benefits as a transportation fuel. It is one of the best alternatives to replace fossil fuels due to its liquid nature, which is similar to the gasoline and diesel fuels traditionally used in transportation. In addition, bioethanol production technology has the capacity for negative carbon emissions, which is vital for solving the current global warming dilemma. However, conventional bioethanol production takes place based on an inland site and relies on freshwater and edible crops (or land suitable for edible crop production) for production, which has led to the food vs. fuel debate. Establishing a coastal marine biorefinery (CMB) system for bioethanol production that is based on coastal sites and relies on marine resources (seawater, marine biomass and marine yeast) could be the ultimate solution. In this paper, we aim to evaluate the environmental impact of using seawater for bioethanol production at coastal locations as a step toward the evaluation of a CMB system. Hence, a life cycle assessment for bioethanol production was conducted using the proposed scenario, named Coastal Seawater, and compared to the conventional scenario, named Inland Freshwater (IF). The impact of each scenario in relation to climate change, water depletion, land use and fossil depletion was studied for comparison. The Coastal Seawater scenario demonstrated an improvement upon the conventional scenario in all the selected impact categories. In particular, the use of seawater in the process had a significant effect on water depletion, showing an impact reduction of 31.2%. Furthermore, reductions were demonstrated in natural land transformation, climate change and fossil depletion of 5.5%, 3.5% and 4.2%, respectively. This indicates the positive impact of using seawater and coastal locations for bioethanol production and encourages research to investigate the CMB system.
  • 2.4K
  • 21 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Hydrophobic Solid Catalysts Synthesis
The preparation methods of hydrophobic materials such as zeolites, modified silicas and polymers has been reviewed. Particular attention has been paid to the characterization methods classified according to the surface and bulk composition, on one hand, and to the measure of interactions with water or organic solvents, on the other. Some selected applications are analyzed in order to understand the relevance of the reactants/products adsorption to address activity and selectivity of the reaction. Thus, absorption of a non-polar reactant or desorption of a hydrophilic product are much easier on a hydrophobic surface and can effectively boost the catalytic activity.
  • 2.4K
  • 30 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Oxidative Strong Metal–Support Interactions
Oxidative Strong Metal–Support Interactions (OMSI) can be defined as a phenomenon occurring in a supported metal catalyst that is triggered by oxidative (or non-reductive) conditions with the typical features resembling that of SMSI, including 1) small-molecule of CO or H2 adsorption on metal will be significantly suppressed, 2) the support would encapsulate metal particles, 3) electron transfer from metal to the support, and 4) a reversal of the above phenomena following reduction treatment.
  • 2.4K
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
σ-hole
σ-hole is a region of depleted electronic density located on the outer side of a covalently-bonded atom, situated roughly along an extension of the bond axis  
  • 2.3K
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Platinum and Palladium Solvent Extraction of Spent Catalysts
The strategic importance of platinum and palladium, two platinum-group metals (PGMs), is particularly supported by their technological applications, one of the most relevant being the role they perform as catalysts for several sorts of chemical reactions.
  • 2.3K
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Reaction Mechanism of Olefins
Light olefins (C2-C4) are important C-building blocks which are currently used to produce a variety of chemicals, such as elastomers, medicines, cosmetics, detergents, solvents, etc. They can be produced by steam cracking, fluid catalytic cracking of naphtha, direct/indirect conversion of synthesis gas (CO + H2) or by hydrogenation of CO2 using H2 from renovable energy sources. However, the catalytic production of light olefins from CO2 is difficult due to the chemical inactivity of CO2 molecule, the high C-C coupling barrier and the necesity to limit the formation of C-C bond and methane. Therefore, the catalysts required for this reaction must to be multifunctional and have an optimized amount of active sites. 
  • 2.3K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Low-Temperature SCR Catalyst Development
In recent years, low-temperature SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) denitrification technology has been popularized in non-power industries and has played an important role in the control of industrial flue gas NOx emissions in China. Currently, the most commonly used catalysts in industry are V2O5-WO3(MoO3)/TiO2, MnO2-based catalysts, CeO2-based catalysts, MnO2-CeO2 catalysts and zeolite SCR catalysts. The flue gas emitted during industrial combustion usually contains SO2, moisture and alkali metals, which can affect the service life of SCR catalysts.
  • 2.3K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sulfamethoxazole in Water
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a frequently used antibiotic for the treatment of urinary tract, respiratory, and intestinal infections and as a supplement in livestock or fishery farming to boost production.
  • 2.2K
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonist
A cannabinoid receptor antagonist, also known simply as a cannabinoid antagonist or as an anticannabinoid, is a type of cannabinoidergic drug that binds to cannabinoid receptors (CBR) and prevents their activation by endocannabinoids. They include antagonists, inverse agonists, and antibodies of CBRs. The discovery of the endocannabinoid system led to the development of CB1 receptor antagonists. The first CBR inverse agonist, rimonabant, was described in 1994. Rimonabant blocks the CB1 receptor selectively and has been shown to decrease food intake and regulate body-weight gain. The prevalence of obesity worldwide is increasing dramatically and has a great impact on public health. The lack of efficient and well-tolerated drugs to cure obesity has led to an increased interest in research and development of CBR antagonists. Cannabidiol (CBD), a naturally occurring cannabinoid, is a non-competitive CB1/CB2 receptor antagonist. And Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), a naturally occurring cannabinoid, modulate the effects of THC via direct blockade of cannabinoid CB1 receptors, thus behaving like first-generation CB1 receptor inverse agonists, such as rimonabant. CBD is a very low-affinity CB1 ligand, that can nevertheless affect CB1 receptor activity in vivo in an indirect manner, while THCV is a high-affinity CB1 receptor ligand and potent antagonist in vitro and yet only occasionally produces effects in vivo resulting from CB1 receptor antagonism. THCV has also high affinity for CB2 receptors and signals as a partial agonist, differing from both CBD and rimonabant.
  • 2.2K
  • 08 Nov 2022
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