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Topic Review
Imaging More than Skin-Deep
Systemic disorders often present with both cutaneous and radiologic findings. Some presenting skin lesions are disease-specific (e.g., shagreen patch in tuberous sclerosis); others signify internal organ involvement (e.g., erythema nodosum in sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, or inflammatory bowel disease). Disease entities are broadly categorized into three areas: (1) autoimmune/inflammatory disorders and vasculitides, (2) genetic/congenital disorders, and (3) neoplasms.
  • 861
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Preoperative Planning for Superior Mesenteric Artery Aneurysm
Surgical procedures on various artery aneurysms are difficult to perform and require careful preparation. We have developed a software platform, CardioCTNav, that can help in planning such procedures. The planning consists of a 3D rendering of the area of interest, virtual angiography, automated measurements, and virtual stent simulation.
  • 851
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Targeted Radionuclide Therapy
Targeted radionuclide therapy has become increasingly prominent as a nuclear medicine subspecialty. Treatment with radionuclides has been mainly restricted to the use of iodine-131 in thyroid disorders. Radiopharmaceuticals, consisting of a radionuclide coupled to a vector that binds to a desired biological target with high specificity, are being developed. The objective is to be as selective as possible at the tumor level, while limiting the dose received at the healthy tissue level. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms of cancer, as well as the appearance of innovative targeting agents (antibodies, peptides, and small molecules) and the availability of new radioisotopes, have enabled considerable advances in the field of vectorized internal radiotherapy with a better therapeutic efficacy, radiation safety and personalized treatments. 
  • 845
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Buccal Bone Thickness in Anterior and Posterior Teeth
The Buccal Bone Thickness (BBT) of maxillary premolar teeth was 1.40 ± 0.75 mm in the region of the alveolar crest, 1.28 ± 0.80 mm at the medial area of the radix, and 1.84 ± 1.16 mm at the apex. Maxillary molar teeth showed a BBT of 1.42 ± 0.74 at the alveolar crest, 1.56 ± 1.05 in the middle part, and 2.78 ± 2.04 mm at the apex. In the mandible, the value distributions were: 0.95 ± 0.58 mm between the crestal part of the root and the surface of the buccal bone, 0.92 ± 0.66 mm at 4 to 9 mm apically to the alveolar crest, and 2.90 ± 1.58 mm at the apex of the radix.
  • 841
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Molecular Imaging for Atherosclerotic Plaque
Atherosclerosis is a well-known disease leading to cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. These conditions lead to a high mortality rate, which explains the interest in their prevention, early detection, and treatment. Molecular imaging is able to shed light on the basic pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, that cause the progression and instability of plaque.
  • 837
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Role of Functional MRI in Liver SBRT
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is becoming increasingly important in the planning and delivery of radiation therapy of liver cancers. While most commonly utilised for anatomical detail, the utility of functional MRI for the development of personalised treatment approaches is an emerging area of research. 
  • 830
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Diagnostic Deceiver: Radiological Pictorial Review of Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a public health problem worldwide and one of the leading causes of mortality. Clinical manifestations and routine laboratory tests have limitations in directing physicians to diagnose TB. Medical imaging examinations play an essential role in detecting tissue abnormalities and suspecting diagnosis of TB. Radiologists and Physicians should be familiar with the radiological manifestations of TB to contribute to the early suspicion and diagnosis. This entry illustrates the common radiological patterns of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB.
  • 828
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Radiological Diagnostic Approach and Spinal Cord Tumor
Differentiating neoplastic from non-neoplastic spinal cord pathologies may be challenging due to overlapping clinical and radiological features. Spinal cord tumors, which comprise only 2–4% of central nervous system tumors, are rarer than non-tumoral myelopathies of inflammatory, vascular, or infectious origins. The risk of neurological deterioration and the high rate of false negatives or misdiagnoses associated with spinal cord biopsies require a cautious approach.
  • 822
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
PET-Based Imaging in Atherosclerosis
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) represents a method of detecting and characterizing arterial wall inflammation, with potential applications in the early assessment of vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. By portraying early-stage molecular changes, FDG-PET findings have previously been shown to correlate with atherosclerosis progression. In addition, recent studies have suggested that microcalcification revealed by 18F-sodium fluoride (NaF) may be more sensitive at detecting atherogenic changes compared to FDG-PET.
  • 821
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Anatomy and General Technique of Hemorrhoidal Embolization
Hemorrhoids are blood cushions located into the anus and lower rectum, acknowledged as a common cause of bleeding, which can reduce the quality of life. The development of minimally invasive techniques such as endovascular embolization of superior rectal artery, "Emborrhoid technique", is an effective treatment, with no pain or ischemic complications, and allows quick patient recovery. 
  • 817
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Portal Vein Embolization of Indications and Contraindications
Preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) via the purposeful occlusion of select portal vein branches to promote contralateral hepatic lobar hypertrophy has become the accepted standard for liver regeneration. Advances in embolic materials, selection of treatment approaches, and PVE with hepatic venous deprivation or concurrent transcatheter arterial embolization/radioembolization are all active areas of research. The primary indication for pre-operative PVE is centered on the inability of the pre-embolization future liver remnant (FLR) to support whole liver function post-resection. Contraindications to PVE are severe portal hypertension, uncontrollable intrahepatic portal-to-hepatic vein shunts, tumor thrombus in the portal vein, and occlusion of the portal vein in the FLR.
  • 815
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy
The PRRT (Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy) is a promising modality treatment for patients with inoperable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of these patients are favorably comparable with standard therapies. The protagonist in this type of therapy is a somatostatin-modified peptide fragment ([Tyr3] octreotide), equipped with a specific chelating system (DOTA) capable of creating a stable bond with β-emitting radionuclides, such as yttrium-90 and lutetium-177.
  • 806
  • 04 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Methods for Spinal Metastasis Imaging
Spinal metastasis is the most common malignant disease of the spine, and its early diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent complications and improve quality of life. The main clinical applications of AI techniques include image processing, diagnosis, decision support, treatment assistance and prognostic outcomes. In the realm of spinal oncology, artificial intelligence technologies have achieved relatively good performance and hold immense potential to aid clinicians, including enhancing work efficiency and reducing adverse events. 
  • 805
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Stereogram of the Living Heart
The concept of binocular stereopsis is that retinal images of the left and right eyes differ because of pupil distance. These two two-dimensional scenes are reproduced as a single image in the visual cortex of the occipital lobe of the brain, recovering the three-dimensional world with depth. A set of these two-dimensional images is referred to as a “stereogram,” which has multiple types.
  • 798
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cardiac Computed Tomography Radiomics
Radiomics, via the extraction of quantitative information from conventional radiologic images, can identify imperceptible imaging biomarkers that can advance the characterization of coronary plaques and the surrounding adipose tissue. Such an approach can unravel the underlying pathophysiology of atherosclerosis which has the potential to aid diagnostic, prognostic and, therapeutic decision making. Several studies have demonstrated that radiomic analysis can characterize coronary atherosclerotic plaques with a level of accuracy comparable, if not superior, to current conventional qualitative and quantitative image analysis. While there are many milestones still to be reached before radiomics can be integrated into current clinical practice, such techniques hold great promise for improving the imaging phenotyping of coronary artery disease.
  • 793
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Interstitial Lung Disease Diagnosis
Diffuse lung disorders (DLDs) and interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are pathological conditions affecting the lung parenchyma and interstitial network. There are approximately 200 different entities within this category. Radiologists play an increasingly important role in diagnosing and monitoring ILDs, as they can provide non-invasive, rapid, and repeatable assessments using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). HRCT offers a detailed view of the lung parenchyma, resembling a low-magnification anatomical preparation from a histological perspective. The intrinsic contrast provided by air in HRCT enables the identification of even the subtlest morphological changes in the lung tissue. By interpreting the findings observed on HRCT, radiologists can make a differential diagnosis and provide a pattern diagnosis in collaboration with the clinical and functional data. The use of quantitative software and artificial intelligence (AI) further enhances the analysis of ILDs, providing an objective and comprehensive evaluation.
  • 793
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Imaging Findings in the Era of COVID-19
The potentially fatal COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with a largespectrum of clinical presentations. Beyond the classical pulmonary manifestations, gastrointestinal tract-related symptoms suchas nausea, diarrhea, abdominal distention and pain have been observed in patients, as a consequence of the binding of SARS-CoV-19 to Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Taking into consideration the high possibility of GI tract involvement, it is crucial for radiologists to be aware of the variety of abdominal imaging findings in patients with COVID-19, as early recognition can aid the diagnosis in patients with nonspecific, atypical symptoms.
  • 783
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Dual-Energy Heart CT
Dual-energy CT (DECT) scanners acquire two sets of data with different energy levels for each voxel and create two sets of images independently for each energy, similarly to single-energy CT (SECT).
  • 778
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ultrasound in Imaging Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for a great majority of liver cancer diagnoses and deaths. Imaging plays, therefore, a crucial role in the surveillance of patients at risk, the detection and diagnosis of HCC nodules, as well as in the follow-up post-treatment. The unique imaging characteristics of HCC lesions, deriving mainly from the assessment of their vascularity on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) or contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), allow for a more accurate, noninvasive diagnosis and staging.
  • 775
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning Models for Radiography in Chest Disease
Chest X-ray radiography (CXR) is among the most frequently used medical imaging modalities. It has a preeminent value in the detection of multiple life-threatening diseases. Radiologists can visually inspect CXR images for the presence of diseases. Most thoracic diseases have very similar patterns, which makes diagnosis prone to human error and leads to misdiagnosis. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) provided techniques to make this task more efficient and faster. Numerous experiments in the diagnosis of various diseases proved the potential of these techniques.
  • 773
  • 18 Jan 2023
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