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Topic Review
Blood Neurofilament Light Chain
Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a neuron specific structural protein which can be detected in the blood (serum and plasma). Elevate blood levels may serve as an important surrogate neuro-axonal injury in a variety of neurological conditions, already showing promising associations with outcomes of interest.
  • 2.3K
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia, usually defined as serum sodium concentration < 135 mEq/L, is the most common electrolyte abnormality encountered both in hospitalized patients and in the general population and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
  • 2.2K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Stroke
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a major contributor to disability worldwide. The prevalence of stroke is highest in developing countries, with ischemic stroke being the most common type. Considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke and the underlying mechanisms leading to ischemic insult. Stroke therapy primarily focuses on restoring blood flow to the brain and treating stroke-induced neurological damage. Lack of success in recent clinical trials has led to significant refinement of animal models, focus-driven study design and use of new technologies in stroke research. Simultaneously, despite progress in stroke management, post-stroke care exerts a substantial impact on families, the healthcare system and the economy. Improvements in pre-clinical and clinical care are likely to underpin successful stroke treatment, recovery, rehabilitation and prevention. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiology of stroke, major advances in the identification of therapeutic targets and recent trends in stroke research.
  • 2.2K
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
HiPSC-Derived Cardiac Tissue
Relevant, predictive normal, or disease model systems are of vital importance for drug development. The difference between nonhuman models and humans could contribute to clinical trial failures despite ideal nonhuman results. As a potential substitute for animal models, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) provide a powerful tool for drug toxicity screening, modeling cardiovascular diseases, and drug discovery.
  • 2.2K
  • 14 Dec 2020
Topic Review
The Pathophysiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is characterized by a wide-ranging set of symptoms including but not limited to intrusive and distressing memories, dissociative reactions, and serious psychological distress in response to stimuli that resemble a previously experienced traumatic event. 
  • 2.2K
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cytogenetics of Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are heterogeneous groups of clonal myeloid disorders characterized by unexplained persistent peripheral blood (PB) cytopenia(s) of one or more of the hematopoietic lineages, or bone marrow (BM) morphologic dysplasia in hematopoietic cells, recurrent genetic abnormalities, and an increased risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Cytogenetics has been an important and a necessary parameter in the diagnosis of MDS. The WHO relies heavily on cytogenetic aberrations in MDS. In addition to establishing a clonal process in patients with peripheral blood cytopenia, cytogenetics plays a major role in the prognostication, clinical-morphologic correlation, theragnostic strategies, and in predicting the likelihood of progression to AML. In contrast to other myeloid malignancies, in which the diagnosis is defined by a single cytogenetic event, there is a vast spectrum of cytogenetic-defining lesions in MDS, making diagnosis very challenging. 
  • 2.2K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
FDA-Approved Multiple Sclerosis Drugs
The molecular effects of traditional and more recently FDA-approved Multiple Sclerosis (MS) drugs on four CNS cell types.
  • 2.2K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
GAPDH-Mediated Autophagy
The cytosolic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has pleiotropic functions independent of its canonical role in glycolysis. The GAPDH functional diversity is mainly due to post-translational modifications in different amino acid residues or due to protein–protein interactions altering its localization from cytosol to nucleus, mitochondria or extracellular microenvironment. Non-glycolytic functions of GAPDH include the regulation of cell death, autophagy, DNA repair and RNA export, and they are observed in physiological and pathological conditions as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders
  • 2.2K
  • 09 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Approach of Flavonoid
Flavonoids are one of the most diverse families of bioactive phytochemicals, with over 9000 different compounds. According to IUPAC Recommendations (2017), the term “flavonoid” refers to compounds that have the basic structure of phenyl-substituted propylbenzene derivatives with C15 skeleton, C16 skeleton, and flavonolignans with C6–C3 lignan precursors. Flavonoids are divided into six subclasses; isoflavones, flavones, flavanols, flavonols, flavanones, and anthocyanins, are abundant in plants and their metabolic routes have been thoroughly explored using biochemical and molecular approaches.
  • 2.2K
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ubiquitin-Proteasome System
Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Compared to maintenance dialysis, kidney transplantation results in improved patient survival and quality of life. Kidneys from living donors perform best; however, many patients with ESKD depend on kidneys from deceased donors. After procurement, donor kidneys are placed in a cold-storage solution until a suitable recipient is located. Sadly, prolonged cold storage times are associated with inferior transplant outcomes; therefore, in most situations when considering donor kidneys, long cold-storage times are avoided. The identification of novel mechanisms of cold-storage-related renal damage will lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for preserving donor kidneys; to date, these mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the importance of mitochondrial function, protein homeostasis, and renal recovery during stress from cold storage plus transplantation. Additionally, we discuss novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
  • 2.2K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
PET Biomarkers in Mitochondrial Dysfunction
There is a need to disentangle the etiological puzzle of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, whose clinical phenotypes arise from known, and as yet unknown, pathways that can act distinctly or in concert. Enhanced sub-phenotyping and the identification of in vivo biomarker-driven signature profiles could improve the stratification of patients into clinical trials and, potentially, help to drive the treatment landscape towards the precision medicine paradigm. The rapidly growing field of neuroimaging offers valuable tools to investigate disease pathophysiology and molecular pathways in humans, with the potential to capture the whole disease course starting from preclinical stages. Positron emission tomography (PET) combines the advantages of a versatile imaging technique with the ability to quantify, to nanomolar sensitivity, molecular targets in vivo. There is an increasing body of literature implicating dysfunction of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum dynamics, energy metabolism and oxidative stress within the molecular paradigm of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The development of novel PET radioligands enables the in vivo investigation of mitochondrial and ER dysfunction in age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 2.2K
  • 21 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Electrochemical Detection for Antibody Detection
Detection of biomarkers has raised much interest recently due to the need for disease diagnosis and personalized medicine in future point-of-care systems. Among various biomarkers, antibodies are an important type of detection target due to their potential for indicating disease progression stage and the efficiency of therapeutic antibody drug treatment. In this review, electrochemical and optical detection of antibodies are discussed. Specifically, creating a non-label and reagent-free sensing platform and construction of an anti-fouling electrochemical surface for electrochemical detection are suggested. For optical transduction, a rapid and programmable platform for antibody detection using a DNA-based beacon is suggested as well as the use of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) switch for low cost antibody detection. These sensing strategies have demonstrated their potential for resolving current challenges in antibody detection such as high selectivity, low operation cost, simple detection procedures, rapid detection, and low-fouling detection. This review provides a general update for recent developments in antibody detection strategies and potential solutions for future clinical point-of-care systems.
  • 2.2K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Major Cell Death Pathways
Programmed cell death (PCD) or apoptosis is an important form of cell-autonomous immune control over intracellular pathogens. PCD is mainly responsible for regulating animal development and tissue homeostasis, which regularly occurs in a broad range of human diseases, including immunological, developmental problems, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
  • 2.1K
  • 05 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Transthyretin
Transthyretin (TTR) is a thyroid hormone-binding protein which transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain. The structural stability of TTR in tetrameric form is crucial for maintaining its original functions in blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The altered structure of TTR due to genetic mutations or its deposits due to aggregation could cause several deadly diseases such as cardiomyopathy and neuropathy in autonomic, motor, and sensory systems.
  • 2.1K
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Treatment
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has engulfed the world, affecting more than 180 countries. As a result, there has been considerable economic distress globally and a significant loss of life. Sadly, the vulnerable and immunocompromised in our societies seem to be more susceptible to severe COVID-19 complications. Notably, there are several significant risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection. These include the presence of poor nutritional status and pre-existing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes mellitus, chronic lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), obesity, and various other diseases that render the patient immunocompromised. These diseases are characterized by systemic inflammation, which may be a common feature of these NCDs, affecting patient outcomes against COVID-19. As a result, various antiviral treatments and anti-inflammatory agents are under investigation for their potential therapeutic value. The section presented below originates from the following article [1].
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Sanfilippo Syndrome
Sanfilippo syndrome is caused by mutations in the enzymes responsible for the degradation of heparan sulfate (HS), a specific GAG, and patients are characterized by severe neurological pathology leading to childhood dementia.
  • 2.1K
  • 17 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Fungal Diagnostics
 For invasive fungal infections late diagnosis results in a poor prognosis. This review summarises the current state of the art in diagnostics used in medical mycology and anticipates the emergence of new generations of boiosensors that will provide new opportunities for rapid, sensitive detection of fungal infections.
  • 2.1K
  • 21 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Cyclodextrin Nanosponges
Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CD NSs) are innovative polymers deriving from starch and are exploited in numerous fields, such as agroscience, pharmaceutical, biomedical and biotechnological sectors. It is important to analyze the key points of their historical development to understand how they progressed from relatively simple crosslinked networks to today’s multifunctional polymers. The name “nanosponge” appeared for the first time in the 1990s due to their nanoporous, sponge-like structure and responded to the need to overcome the limitations of native cyclodextrins (CDs), particularly their water solubility and inability to encapsulate charged and large molecules efficiently. Since CD NSs were introduced, efforts have been made over the years to understand their mechanism of action and their capability to host molecules with low or high molecular weight, charged, hydrophobic or hydrophilic by changing the type of cyclodextrin, crosslinker and degree of crosslinking used. Since the ’60s many advances have been made as emerges from the growing number of studies carried out, which suggests that NS research is far from reaching its conclusion.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Bile Acids in Retinal Diseases
Bile acids (BAs) are amphipathic sterols primarily synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and released in the intestinal lumen upon food intake. BAs play important roles in micellination of dietary lipids, stimulating bile flow, promoting biliary phospholipid secretion, and regulating cholesterol synthesis and elimination. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that, aside from their conventional biological function, BAs are also important signaling molecules and therapeutic tools. In the last decade, the therapeutic applications of BAs in the treatment of ocular diseases have gained great interest. 
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Exosome Treatment for Hearing Loss
There are reported types of hearing loss includes noise-induced, genetic, sudden, ototoxicity, and age-related hearing loss. The application of exosomes for prevention or treatment can be classified according to the type of hearing loss, suggesting that they may help restore abnormalities in chemical and biological mechanism. The fundamental recovery of inner hair cells by exosome is difficult, because both noise-induced and sudden hearing loss occur due to physical stimulation of hair cell death.
  • 2.1K
  • 11 Oct 2021
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