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Topic Review
Doxorubicin-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Cardiotoxicity has emerged as a major side effect of doxorubicin (DOX) treatment, affecting nearly 30% of patients within 5 years after chemotherapy. Heart failure is the first non-cancer cause of death in DOX-treated patients. 
  • 594
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Biological Clocks as Biomarkers of Aging
A key objective in biological aging research is to identify biomarkers capable of predicting the biological age (B-age) of different tissues, as an alternative to relying solely on chronological age (C-age). Biological clock technologies are designed to assess the acceleration of biological age (B-age) in diverse cell types, offering a distinctive opportunity in toxicogenomic research to explore the impact of environmental stressors, social challenges, and unhealthy lifestyles on health impairment. These clocks also play a role in identifying factors that can hinder aging and promote a healthy lifestyle. 
  • 592
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Ochratoxins in Wines
Ochratoxins (OTs) are mycotoxins frequently found in wines, and their contamination can occur during any stage of the winemaking process. Ochratoxin A (OTA) has been the most widely reported and the only one whose concentrations are legislated in this beverage. However, ochratoxin B, ochratoxin A methyl ester, ochratoxin B methyl ester, ochratoxin A ethyl ester, ochratoxin B ethyl ester, ochratoxin α, ochratoxin β, OTα methyl ester, OTA ethyl amide, and OTA glucose ester have also been reported in wines.
  • 576
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Manganese-Induced Neurotoxicity
Mn-induced synaptic dysfunction, impaired neurotransmission is shown to be mediated by the effects of Mn on neurotransmitter systems and their complex interplay
  • 571
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Safety Evaluation of Nanotechnology Products
Nanomaterials are now being used in a wide variety of biomedical applications. Medical and health-related issues, however, have raised major concerns, in view of the potential risks of these materials against tissue, cells, and/or organs and these are still poorly understood. These particles are able to interact with the body in countless ways, and they can cause unexpected and hazardous toxicities, especially at cellular levels. Therefore, undertaking in vitro and in vivo experiments is vital to establish their toxicity with natural tissues. 
  • 561
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Human Breast Milk Contamination with Aflatoxin
Aflatoxins are natural toxicants produced mainly by species of the Aspergillus genus, which contaminate virtually all feeds and foods. Apart from their deleterious health effects on humans and animals, they can be secreted unmodified or carried over into the milk of lactating females, thereby posing health risks to suckling babies. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major and most toxic aflatoxin type after aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). It contaminates human breast milk upon direct ingestion from dairy products or by carry-over from the parent molecule (AFB1), which is hydroxylated in the liver and possibly in the mammary glands by cytochrome oxidase enzymes and then excreted into breast milk as AFM1 during lactation via the mammary alveolar epithelial cells.
  • 540
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
NLRP3 and Infections
Amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced abnormal neuroinflammation is recognized as a major pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which results in memory impairment. Research exploring low-grade systemic inflammation and its impact on the development and progression of neurodegenerative disease has increased. A particular research focus has been whether systemic inflammation arises only as a secondary effect of disease, or it is also a cause of pathology. The inflammasomes, and more specifically the NLRP3 inflammasome, are crucial components of the innate immune system and are usually activated in response to infection or tissue damage. 
  • 533
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Caenorhabditis elegans and Cytochromes P450
The soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is one of the simplest organisms with a laboratory model status. C. elegans is a transparent worm of about 1 mm in length, found in temperate soil environments. C. elegans is an important model used for many aspects of biological research. It is a non-infectious and non-pathogenic organism that survives by feeding on microbes such as bacteria. C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its whole genome sequenced and is the only organism to have its connectome (neuronal “wiring diagram”) completed. It contains 82 P450 genes, including 6 pseudogenes, divided into 16 families (13, 14, 22, 23, 25, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 44) and 26 subfamilies in accordance with the Nelson’s nomenclature.
  • 520
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Novel Marine Secondary Metabolites Worthy
This necessitated the search for potent and efficacious substances from marine sources that will improve or replace existing ones in order to contain multi-drug-resistant neoplasms. This review compiled a total of 731 compounds/derivatives that belong to these classes: glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, lipids, terpenes, ribose, steroids, peptides, xanthones, ethers, lignins, coumarins, carbazoles, azaphilones, nucleosides, polyketides, and quinones (). These compounds/derivatives sourced from soft corals, bacteria, fungi, sponges, algae, sea cucumbers, seaweeds, mollusks, and sea urchins exhibited moderate to high cytotoxic activities against 121 mammalian cancer cell lines as described in 76 articles from January 2019–March 2020.
  • 506
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
TMDC Nanozymes: Application Perspective
Applications of TMDC NZs in different fields—starting from biosensing to different treatment fields like antibacterial, anti-inflammation activity and cancer therapy—are discussed in more details. 
  • 506
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Unintentional Intoxications of Nonhuman Primates: Phytotoxins and Pesticides
Wild and captive nonhuman primates (NHP) are exposed and potentially vulnerable to many natural and man-made toxic threats. Nevertheless, wild NHP are capable of coping with these threats using strategies, namely avoidance, dilution, gastrointestinal degradation, or detoxification, which require genetic potential, learning from parents and conspecifics in their social group, or prior experience through random food sampling and experimentation. Captive NHP are also at high risk for intoxications when they are often housed in an outdoor enclosure in a vivarium or zoo that is in or close to a large urban and industrial city. These NHP are potentially exposed to urban-industrial air pollution due to industrial and vehicle exhausts, waste incineration, and the domestic and industrial use of petroleum-based products, cleaners, pesticides, and paints, amongst others. 
  • 496
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Acute Toxicity of Mineral Fibres
To gain new insights into the different toxicity mechanisms of carcinogenic mineral fibres, the acute effects of fibrous erionite, crocidolite and chrysotile in the THP-1 M0, M1 and M2 macrophages were investigated. The three mineral fibres apparently act by different toxicity mechanisms. Crocidolite seems to exert its toxicity effects mostly thanks to its biodurability, ROS and cytokine production, and DNA damage. Chrysotile, due to its low biodurability, displays toxic effects related to the release of toxic metals, ROS and cytokine production. Other mechanisms are involved in explaining the toxicity of biodurable fibrous erionite with lower ROS and toxic metal release but exhibiting cation exchange capacity able to alter the intracellular homeostasis of important cations. Their results aim to fill the gap on understanding the fine bio-chemical interactions of different types of carcinogenic fibres inside the cells, hopefully helping in upgrading the existing models of toxicity/carcinogenicity of mineral fibres.
  • 477
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Venom Constituents of Rattlesnake Venoms
Venom components are invaluable in biomedical research owing to their specificity and potency. Many of these components exist in two genera of rattlesnakes, Crotalus and Sistrurus, with high toxicity and proteolytic activity variation. 
  • 476
  • 18 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Environmental Implications Associated with the Development of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology involves materials at a scale ranging from 1 to 100 nm in one of its dimensions. It has brought advances in several areas such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, agriculture, cosmetics, and food. Nanostructures have a higher surface-to-volume ratio compared to bulk materials aside from exhibiting enhanced catalytic, mechanical, optical, electrical, tribological, thermal, and other properties. For this reason, nanomaterials have been widely studied and applied for the production of different products such as textiles, food coloring, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Furthermore, the interaction of nanomaterials with biological systems and the environment still needs to be clarified. Moreover, some issues such as toxicity, bioaccumulation, and physicochemical transformations are found to be dependent on several factors such as size, capping agent, and shape, making the comparisons even more complex. 
  • 473
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Exposure Effects Related to Nanomaterial Life Cycles
Nanoparticle-based biosensors are produced and utilized at different scales ranging from laboratory to industrial domains. While incorporating nanomaterials is beneficial to developing high-performance biosensors, at the stages of scale-up and disposal, it may lead to the unmanaged release of toxic nanomaterials. When considering the potential environmental impact and health safety of the scaled-up production of nano biosensors, it is necessary to examine the manufacturing, utilization, and end-of-life disposal of the nanomaterials used. 
  • 472
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Toxic Effects of Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances in Organisms
More than 7000 synthetic compounds known as per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are applied to food packaging and other materials to provide fat, fire, and/or water resistance properties. These compounds have exceptional environmental stability and persistence due to the strong C-F chemical bond, earning them the moniker “forever chemicals”. Emission of PFAS from industrial waste leads to water, air, and soil contamination. Due to this ubiquitous nature, combined with the fact that PFAS in humans are known to have carcinogenic and reprotoxic effects and to cause vaccine resistance and depression of the immunity system, PFAS may constitute a major threat to human health. For this reason, the attention of the scientific community and of control bodies is increasing and as a consequence legislation and the scientific literature on PFAS are constantly evolving.
  • 469
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Exposure Assessment of Nanoplastics
Nanoplastics (NPs) are particles ranging in size between 1 and 1000 nm, and they are a form of environmental contaminant of great ecotoxicological concern. The detection of these contaminants in complex matrices is a real challenge. Developing suitable and reliable analytical methods for quantifying the environmental occurrences of NPs is pivotal. 
  • 460
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Male Reproductive Toxicity of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are a group of flame retardants used in a variety of artificial materials. Despite being phased out in most industrial countries, they remain in the environment and human tissues due to their persistence, lipophilicity, and bioaccumulation. Populational and experimental studies demonstrate the male reproductive toxicity of PBDEs including increased incidence of genital malformations (hypospadias and cryptorchidism), altered weight of testes and other reproductive tissues, altered testes histology and transcriptome, decreased sperm production and sperm quality, altered epigenetic regulation of developmental genes in spermatozoa, and altered secretion of reproductive hormones. A broad range of mechanistic hypotheses of PBDE reproductive toxicity has been suggested. Among these hypotheses, oxidative stress, the disruption of estrogenic signaling, and mitochondria disruption are affected by PBDE concentrations much higher than concentrations found in human tissues, making them unlikely links between exposures and adverse reproductive outcomes in the general population. Robust evidence suggests that at environmentally relevant doses, PBDEs and their metabolites may affect male reproductive health via mechanisms including AR antagonism and the disruption of a complex network of metabolic signaling.
  • 458
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
CTA in the Carcinogenic Potentiality Assessment of Nanomaterials
Cell transformation assays (CTAs) present a realistic screening platform for known and emerging nanomaterials (NMs) by examining their resemblance to the hallmark of malignancy, including high proliferation rates, loss of contact inhibition, the gain of anchorage-independent growth, cellular invasion, dysregulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis resistance, and ability to form tumors in experimental animals. Through the deliberate transformation of cells via chronic NM exposure, researchers can investigate the tumorigenic properties of NMs and the underlying mechanisms of cancer development. 
  • 456
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Doxorubicin and Smooth Muscle Cell Contraction
The anthracycline doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most efficacious chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of a wide array of cancers. However, DOX treatment has been associated with development of cardiotoxicity and eventually heart failure, which limits its clinical use. While DOX-induced cardiotoxicity has been extensively investigated (reviewed elsewhere), the toxic effects of DOX on the vasculature have been less considered. Epidemiological studies point towards accelerated vascular ageing in childhood cancer survivors, as evidenced by a higher incidence of atherosclerosis and hypertension. Moreover, several studies have demonstrated that DOX increases arterial stiffness in cancer patients, both during and after treatment.
  • 454
  • 14 Dec 2021
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