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Topic Review
Leadless Ventricular Pacemaker
Conventional transvenous pacemakers (TPMs) have been the cornerstone of the treatment of bradyarrhythmias. With technological advances in device miniaturization, communication, and battery longevity, leadless pacemakers (LPMs) have emerged as an alternative to TPMs to eliminate the complications associated with leads and subcutaneous pockets.
  • 628
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Heart Failure
C is a valuable and versatile tool used in the classification of HF; these tests characterize the dynamic interactions between the cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic systems during physical exertion. This testing involves the systematic measurement of respiratory gases, heart rate, and other physiological parameters during controlled exercise. This non-invasive assessment provides a comprehensive evaluation of exercise capacity and helps identify abnormalities in cardiopulmonary function that may not be apparent at rest. 
  • 627
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Bioprinting in Cardiovascular Disease
Three-dimensional (3D) printing plays an important role in cardiovascular disease through the use of personalised models that replicate the normal anatomy and its pathology with high accuracy and reliability. 3D bioprinting represents a promising field that could revolutionise the future of cardiovascular disease treatment. Three-dimensional bioprinting uses mostly the same additive manufacturing technologies but prints functional living structures from biological components such as living cells, biomaterials and growth factors.
  • 626
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cerebral Protection Devices in Transcatheter Procedures
Intraprocedural stroke is a well-documented and feared potential risk of cardiovascular transcatheter procedures (TPs). Moreover, subclinical neurological events or covert central nervous system infarctions are concerns related to the development of dementia, future stroke, cognitive decline, and increased risk of mortality. Cerebral protection devices (CPDs) were developed to mitigate the risk of cardioembolic embolism during TPs. They are mechanical barriers designed to cover the ostium of the supra-aortic branches in the aortic arch, but newer devices are able to protect the descending aorta. CPDs have been mainly designed and tested to provide cerebral protection during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), but their use in both Catheterization and Electrophysiology laboratories is rapidly increasing. 
  • 626
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac Imaging
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging emerged as the most definitive modality, offering real-time detection, comprehensive assessment of cardiac function, the ability to detect early myocardial changes, and superior detection of cardiotoxicity when compared to the other imaging modalities. 
  • 626
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Invasive Imaging for Carotid Plaque Vulnerability
Carotid artery disease has traditionally been assessed based on the degree of luminal narrowing. However, this approach, which solely relies on carotid stenosis, is being questioned with regard to modern risk stratification approaches. Guidelines have introduced the concept of the “vulnerable plaque,” emphasizing specific features such as thin fibrous caps, large lipid cores, intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque rupture, macrophage infiltration, and neovascularization.
  • 626
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Surgical Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide. It is estimated to affect 2–4% of the adult population, and its prevalence increases with advancing age. Given the aging population, AF is expected to become even more prevalent in the coming years. Ischemic stroke and systemic embolism are the most significant risks associated with AF, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, thromboembolism prevention is the cornerstone of managing AF.
  • 624
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Current Knowledge of Enterococcal Endocarditis
Enterococci are a unique type of bacteria due to their ability to withstand a broad range of different environmental parameters such as pH, temperature, salinity, bile acids, and so on. They are resistant to many antibiotic compounds and have the flexibility to flourish as both common commensal and opportunistic pathogens in a broad range of clinical settings.
  • 624
  • 26 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Stem Cell Studies in Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine
Resident macrophages can trigger cell regeneration. As macrophages express chemokine receptors, chemokines are also important in the regulation of macrophages. Exosomes are used for cell-cell communication in macrophages and the surrounding cells. Therefore, macrophages may play a key role in regenerative medicine in the future.
  • 622
  • 23 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Linc-ROR in Cancer and Disease
Cancer is responsible for more than 10 million deaths every year. Metastasis and drug resistance lead to a poor survival rate and are a major therapeutic challenge. Substantial evidence demonstrates that an increasing number of long non-coding RNAs are dysregulated in cancer, including the long intergenic non-coding RNA, regulator of reprogramming (linc-ROR), which mostly exerts its role as an onco-lncRNA acting as a competing endogenous RNA that sequesters micro RNAs.
  • 622
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Senescence
Endothelial cells line at the most inner layer of blood vessels. They act to control hemostasis, arterial tone/reactivity, wound healing, tissue oxygen, and nutrient supply. With age, endothelial cells become senescent, characterized by reduced regeneration capacity, inflammation, and abnormal secretory profile. Endothelial senescence represents one of the earliest features of arterial ageing and contributes to many age-related diseases. Compared to those in arteries and veins, endothelial cells of the microcirculation exhibit a greater extent of heterogeneity. Microcirculatory endothelial senescence leads to a declined capillary density, reduced angiogenic potentials, decreased blood flow, impaired barrier properties, and hypoperfusion in a tissue or organ-dependent manner. The heterogeneous phenotypes of microvascular endothelial cells in a particular vascular bed and across different tissues remain largely unknown. Accordingly, the mechanisms underlying macro- and micro-vascular endothelial senescence vary in different pathophysiological conditions, thus offering specific target(s) for therapeutic development of senolytic drugs.
  • 621
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Diagnosing Atrial Fibrillation by Artificial Intelligence
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia affecting 8–10% of the population older than 80 years old. The importance of early diagnosis of atrial fibrillation has been broadly recognized since arrhythmias significantly increase the risk of stroke, heart failure and tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy with reduced cardiac function. The development of wearable devices has provided a reliable way for healthcare providers to uncover undiagnosed atrial fibrillation in the population, especially those most at risk. Furthermore, with the advancement of artificial intelligence and machine learning, the technology is now able to utilize the database in assisting detection of arrhythmias from the data collected by the devices.
  • 618
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
High-Density Lipoproteins, the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Myocardial Infarction
The NLRP3 inflammasome is an intracellular defender that acts against the cellular fragments and cytoplasmic contents of injured and/or dead cells, called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) (also known as alarmins). The ultimate consequence of prolonged cardiac ischemia is myocardial infarction (MI), a condition accountable for one-third of global fatalities. The extent of MI is a potent predictor of various adverse cardiovascular events, encompassing mortality, recurrent MI, arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, angina, and the need for revascularization, as substantiated by several studies.
  • 617
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Propranolol in Rare Vascular Diseases
Rare Diseases (RD) are defined by their prevalence in less than 5 in 10,000 of the general population. Considered individually, each RD may seem insignificant, but together they add up to more than 7000 different diseases. Research in RD is not attractive for pharmaceutical companies since it is unlikely to recover development costs for medicines aimed to small numbers of patients. Since most of these diseases are life threatening, this fact underscores the urgent need for treatments. Drug repurposing consists of identifying new uses for approved drugs outside the scope of the original medical indication. It is an alternative option in drug development and represents a viable and risk-managed strategy to develop for RDs. In 2008, the “off label” therapeutic benefits of propranolol were described in the benign tumor Infantile Hemangioma. Propranolol, initially prescribed for high blood pressure, irregular heart rate, essential tremor, and anxiety, has shown increasing evidence of its antiangiogenic, pro-apoptotic, vasoconstrictor and anti-inflammatory properties in different RDs, including vascular or oncological pathologies.
  • 614
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Systemic Sclerosis-Related Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related pulmonary arterial hypertension (SSc-PAH) is a leading cause of mortality in SSc. The extent of peripheral microvasculopathy assessed through nailfold capillaroscopy might correlate with the presence of PAH in SSc patients. 
  • 613
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Atherothrombosis in Progression of Non-Coronary Artery Disease
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) encompasses a variety of non-coronary artery diseases, and its prevalence varies based on screening approaches and clinical features. Recent data reveal a global prevalence of 80 million strokes, the majority (87%) of which are ischemic.
  • 613
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers in Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as the presence of albuminuria and/or reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, is considered a growing public health problem. The implementation of novel biomarkers in clinical practice is crucial, since it could allow earlier diagnosis and lead to an improvement in CKD outcomes.
  • 613
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cardioprotective Mechanisms against Reperfusion Injury in AMI
Ischemia/reperfusion injury is a process associated with cardiologic interventions, such as percutaneous coronary angioplasty after an acute myocardial infarction. Blood flow restoration causes a quick burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which generates multiple organelle damage, leading to the activation of cell death pathways. Therefore, the intervention contributes to a greater necrotic zone, thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. A major cardiovascular ROS source in this setting is the activation of multiple NADPH oxidases, which could result via the occupancy of type 1 angiotensin II receptors (AT1R); hence, the renin angiotensin system (RAS) is associated with the generation of ROS during reperfusion.
  • 612
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Dietary Fat on Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of global mortality, and is considered one of diseases with the most rapid growth rate in China. Dietary fat is one of the three primary nutrients of consumption; however, high fat dietary in causing CVD has been neglected in some official dietary guidelines.
  • 609
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Myocarditis-like Episodes in Patients with Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetically determined myocardial disease, characterized by myocytes necrosis with fibrofatty substitution and ventricular arrhythmias that can even lead to sudden cardiac death. The presence of inflammatory cell infiltrates in endomyocardial biopsies or in autoptic specimens of ACM patients has been reported, suggesting a possible role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of the disease. Furthermore, chest pain episodes accompanied by electrocardiographic changes and troponin release have been observed and defined as the “hot-phase” phenomenon.
  • 606
  • 19 Oct 2022
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