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Topic Review
Rosmarinus officinalis in Cutaneous Diseases
The rosemary plant, Rosmarinus officinalis L., one of the main members of the Lamiaceae family, is currently one of the most promising herbal medicines due to its pharmaceutical properties. Rosmarinic acid, beyond its anti-infectious, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, has been extensively investigated for its anti-cancer activity on various apparently functionally disconnected molecular targets leading to various types of cancer.
  • 400
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Effect of Clobenpropit
Neuroinflammation is defined as one of the key contributors involved in several CNS-related disorders including neurodegenerative diseases. According to experimental evidence, the inflammatory process in the neuron has been shown to cause cell death and neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s (PD), Alzheimer’s (AD), and other neurodegenerative diseases. 
  • 398
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Efficient Direct Lineage Reprogramming Technology for Neurological Diseases
Gene therapy is an innovative approach in the field of regenerative medicine. This therapy entails the transfer of genetic material into a patient’s cells to treat diseases. Direct lineage reprogramming (DLR) enables the direct conversion of differentiated mature cells into various other cell types, without the need for an intermediate pluripotent state. This approach was inspired by the critical role played by transcription factors in the process of converting non-neuronal cells into neurons. 
  • 397
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening pulmonary condition characterized by the sudden onset of respiratory failure, pulmonary edema, dysfunction of endothelial and epithelial barriers, and the activation of inflammatory cascades. Despite the increasing number of deaths attributed to ARDS, a comprehensive therapeutic approach for managing patients with ARDS remains elusive. To elucidate the pathological mechanisms underlying ARDS, numerous studies have employed various preclinical models, often utilizing lipopolysaccharide as the ARDS inducer. Accumulating evidence emphasizes the pivotal role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathophysiology of ARDS. Both preclinical and clinical investigations have asserted the potential of antioxidants in ameliorating ARDS. 
  • 397
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biological Clock in Ageing and Low-Level Chronic Inflammation
Ageing is a multifactorial physiological manifestation that occurs inexorably and gradually in all forms of life. This process is linked to the decay of homeostasis due to the progressive decrease in the reparative and regenerative capacity of tissues and organs, with reduced physiological reserve in response to stress. Ageing is closely related to oxidative damage and involves immunosenescence and tissue impairment or metabolic imbalances that trigger inflammation and inflammasome formation. One of the main ageing-related alterations is the dysregulation of the immune response, which results in chronic low-level, systemic inflammation, termed “inflammaging”. Genetic and epigenetic changes, as well as environmental factors, promote and/or modulate the mechanisms of ageing at the molecular, cellular, organ, and system levels. Most of these mechanisms are characterized by time-dependent patterns of variation driven by the biological clock. 
  • 396
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Implication of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. It affects about 1% of the population over the age of 60, with the total number of patients exceeding 6.1 million worldwide. As a highly diverse and complex pathology, PD is represented by a plethora of motor symptoms such as tremor, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Non-motor symptoms, including cognitive and behavioral impairments, sleep irregularities, sensory and autonomic dysfunction, are also common in PD.
  • 396
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
BCMA-Targeting Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable cancer of the plasma cells. Over the years, treatment strategies have evolved toward targeting MM cells—from the shotgun chemotherapy approach to the slightly more targeted approach of disrupting important MM molecular pathways to the immunotherapy approach that specifically targets MM cells based on protein expression. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are introduced as immunotherapeutic drugs which utilize an antibody to deliver cytotoxic agents to cancer cells distinctively. Recent investigations of ADCs for MM treatment focus on targeting B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), which regulates B cell proliferation, survival, maturation, and differentiation into plasma cells (PCs). Given its selective expression in malignant PCs, BCMA is one of the most promising targets in MM immunotherapy. Compared to other BCMA-targeting immunotherapies, ADCs have several benefits, such as lower price, shorter production period, fewer infusions, less dependence on the patient’s immune system, and they are less likely to over-activate the immune system. 
  • 396
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Circadian Gas-Responsive Hemeprotein NPAS2
Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) is a hemeprotein comprising a basic helix–loop–helix domain (bHLH) and two heme-binding sites, the PAS-A and PAS-B domains.
  • 396
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Management of Craniopharyngiomas
Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) currently represent one of the most challenging diseases to deal with in the group of skull base tumors. Due to their location near, within, or surrounding the pituitary gland and stalk, CPs can be revealed by pituitary tumor syndrome and/or symptoms of hormonal deficiencies.
  • 394
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Modeling of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases have acquired the status of one of the leading causes of death in developed countries, which requires creating new model systems capable of accurately reproducing the mechanisms underlying these pathologies. Each model has unique properties that make it the optimal tool for modeling certain aspects of neurodegenerative disorders. It is necessary to combine models into complexes that include organisms and artificial systems of different organizational levels. Such complexes can be organized in two ways. The first method can be described as “step by step”, where each model for studying a certain characteristic is a separate step that allows using the information obtained in the modeling process for the gradual study of increasingly complex processes in subsequent models. The second way is a ‘network’ approach. Studies are carried out with several types of models simultaneously, and experiments with each specific type are adjusted in conformity with the data obtained from other models.
  • 394
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
B Cells and B-Cell Receptor Signaling
B-cell receptor (BCR) is a B cell hallmark surface complex regulating multiple cellular processes in normal as well as malignant B cells. Igα (CD79a)/Igβ (CD79b) are essential components of BCR that are indispensable for its functionality, signal initiation, and signal transduction. CD79a/CD79b-mediated BCR signaling is required for the survival of normal as well as malignant B cells via a wide signaling network. Studies identified the great complexity of this signaling network and revealed the emerging role of CD79a/CD79b in signal integration.
  • 394
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Self-Enhancement and the Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Self-enhancement (SE) refers to the tendency to maintain an often unrealistic, positive view of the self. In order to maintain this tendency, SE creates a false self-perception where one makes judgments about oneself that are ungrounded in reality. Self-enhancement is typically defined as something that occurs continuously, meaning when one produces an unrealistic, positive view of the self, it is maintained for an extended period and extends across all dimensions of cognition, including exaggerating potential success in the future, only acknowledging positive feedback, falsely reporting higher test scores, and overestimating social approval.
  • 392
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
DNA-Repair-Directed Precision Oncology Strategies in Epithelial Ovarian Cancers
The DNA-repair-directed precision oncology strategy has generated hope for patients. The clinical use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in BRCA germ-line-deficient and/or platinum-sensitive epithelial ovarian cancers has improved survival.
  • 392
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
The Melanocortin System for New Antidepressant Drugs
Major depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders, causing significant human suffering and socioeconomic loss. Since conventional antidepressants are not sufficiently effective, there is an urgent need to develop new antidepressant medications. Despite marked advances in the neurobiology of depression, the etiology and pathophysiology of this disease remain poorly understood. Classical and newer hypotheses of depression suggest that an imbalance of brain monoamines, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) and immune system, or impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and neurotrophic factors pathways are cause of depression. It is assumed that conventional antidepressants improve these closely related disturbances.
  • 391
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cotoneaster integerrimus (Rosaceae) from the Balkans
Cotoneaster integerrimus represents a multiploid and facultative apomictic system of widely distributed mountain populations. 
  • 390
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Auxin's Role in Nitrate-Regulated Plant Growth and Development
As a major component of vital macromolecules such as nucleic acids, amino acids, and chlorophyll, nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for plants. Although nitrogen is one of the most abundant elements in nature, accounting for about 70% of atmospheric gasses, its availability for plant uptake in the soil varies temporally and spatially. Therefore, modern agriculture relies heavily on nitrogen fertilization to maximize crop quality and yield. Auxins are a group of naturally occurring molecules derived from tryptophan, with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) being the major form of auxin. The biosynthesis of IAA is defined by a two-step metabolic pathway, in which the TAA family of aminotransferases converts tryptophan (Trp) to indole-3-pyruvate (IPA), followed by a YUC flavin monooxygenases-mediated conversion of IPA to IAA. Auxin has extensive regulatory functions in plant development. 
  • 389
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Short-Chain Fatty Acids Impact Neonatal Regulatory T Cells
T cells are specialised lymphocytes that play a pivotal role in the adaptive immune response and are marked by their surface expression of a T cell receptor (TCR). Conventional T cells are classically divided into one of two major subtypes based on the identity of their TCR co-receptor: CD4+ T cells or T helper (Th) cells play a key role in orchestrating adaptive immune responses via the production of effector cytokines; CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), are critical mediators in the elimination of virally infected or tumour cells, which they achieve through the release of cytotoxic granules that induce apoptotic or lytic death. Over the first weeks of life, the neonatal gastrointestinal tract is rapidly colonised by a diverse range of microbial species that come to form the ‘gut microbiota’. Microbial colonisation of the neonatal gut is a well-established regulator of several physiological processes that contribute to immunological protection in postnatal life, including the development of the intestinal mucosa and adaptive immunity. However, the specific microbiota-derived signals that mediate these processes have not yet been fully characterised. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), end-products of intestinal bacterial metabolism, as one of the key mediators of immune development in early life. Critical to neonatal health is the development of regulatory T (Treg) cells that promote and maintain immunological tolerance against self and innocuous antigens.
  • 388
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Tree Responses to Climatic Changes
Forest trees are complex perennial organisms that are adapted to the local environment as a result of prevailing climate conditions in population history. Because they lead a sedentary lifestyle, plants are exposed to various environmental stimuli, such as changes which can lead to the rapid adjustment or failure of their defence mechanisms. As forests play a crucial role in environmental homeostasis and are the source of many products, it is crucial to estimate the position of forest trees’ plasticity mechanisms in the face of climate change. Fast epigenetic adjustment is the basis for surviving climate fluctuations, however, the question is whether this mechanism will also be efficient if climate fluctuations increase. Epigenetic modifications enable rapid reactions to the inducing stimulus by establishing chromatin patterns and manipulating gene expression without affecting the DNA itself.
  • 387
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticle Activation in Cancer Treatment
Activation, or release of a compound, at a tumour site can mitigate the side effects often experienced during cancer treatment by localizing the treatment. In addition, localized action can also permit the use of larger effective doses at the tumour site which would not be tolerated if administered systemically. However, controlling the release of a compound, or the activity of a molecule or nanoparticle, requires the design of smart systems. Such systems can be controlled either by differences between cancerous and normal cells, or by activation from a source outside of the cell.
  • 386
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Biofluid Assays for Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a heterogeneous disease, with a large percentage of prostate tumors being indolent, and with a relatively slow metastatic potential. However, due to the high case numbers, the absolute number of PCa-related deaths is still high. In fact, it causes the second highest number of cancer deaths in American men. As a first step for the diagnosis of PCa, the PSA test has been widely used. However, it has low specificity, which results in a high number of false positives leading to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Newer derivatives of the original PSA test, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved 4K (four kallikreins) and the PHI (Prostate Health Index) blood tests, have higher specificities. Tissue-based PCa tests are problematic as biopsies are invasive and have limited accuracy due to prostate tumor heterogeneity. Liquid biopsies offer a minimally or non-invasive choice for the patients, while providing a more representative reflection of the spatial heterogeneity in the prostate. In addition to the abovementioned blood-based tests, urine is a promising source of PCa biomarkers, offering a supplementary avenue for early detection and improved tumor classification. Four urine-based PCa tests are either FDA- or CLIA-approved: PCA3 (PROGENSA), ExoDX Prostate Intelliscore, MiPS, and SelectMDx.
  • 385
  • 12 Jan 2024
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