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Topic Review
TLR9
Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR9 gene. TLR9 has also been designated as CD289 (cluster of differentiation 289). It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. TLR9 is an important receptor expressed in immune system cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and other antigen presenting cells. TLR9 preferentially binds DNA present in bacteria and viruses, and triggers signaling cascades that lead to a pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Cancer, infection, and tissue damage can all modulate TLR9 expression and activation. TLR9 is also an important factor in autoimmune diseases, and there is active research into synthetic TLR9 agonists and antagonists that help regulate autoimmune inflammation.
  • 752
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hippocampal Formation and Unique Properties of CA2 Region
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects both motor and non-motor functions. Although motor impairment is a prominent clinical sign of PD, additional neurological symptoms may also occur, particularly in the preclinical and prodromal stages. Among these symptoms, social cognitive impairment is common and detrimental. Interestingly, the hippocampal CA2 region, with its unique properties, has attracted the attention of scientists due to its potential association with social cognitive functions.
  • 752
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Endometrial Receptivity
Endometrial receptivity plays a crucial role in fertilization as well as pregnancy outcome in patients faced with fertility challenges. The optimization of endometrial receptivity may help with normal implantation of the embryo, and endometrial receptivity may be affected by numerous factors. 
  • 750
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Gut-to-Brain α-Synuclein Transmission in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder involving both motor and non-motor symptoms caused by the progressive death of distinct neuronal populations, including dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The deposition of aggregated α-synuclein protein into Lewy body inclusions is a hallmark of the disorder, and α-synuclein pathology has been found in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of PD patients up to two decades prior to diagnosis. In combination with the high occurrence of gastrointestinal dysfunction in early stages of PD, evidence strongly suggests that some forms of PD may originate in the gut. 
  • 750
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
RANK-RANKL Signaling in Cervical Cancer
RANK ligand (RANKL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor alpha superfamily of cytokines. It is the only known ligand binding to a membrane receptor named receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), thereby triggering recruitment of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor (TRAF) adaptor proteins and activation of downstream pathways. RANK/RANKL signaling is controlled by a decoy receptor called osteoprotegerin (OPG), but also has additional more complex levels of regulation.
  • 748
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
The Origin Recognition Complex
The origin recognition complex (ORC) selects sites for replication initiation by recruiting a pair of hexameric minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complexes to replication origins where the pre-replication complex (Pre-RC) is assembled, and the bidirectional replisomes are formed.
  • 748
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
European Eel
The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is a migratory, catadromous fish species, consisting of a single stock, distributed throughout the European continent as well as in the Mediterranean basin, which reproduces in the Atlantic Ocean and for which the panmixia hypothesis is currently accepted. 
  • 745
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Inflammation and Cancer
Chronic inflammation exerts a pivotal role in cancer development, progression, and prognosis. This entry delves into the intricate association between inflammation and cancer, elucidating its triggers, mechanisms, and far-reaching consequences. Chronic infections, environmental pollutants, and lifestyle factors can initiate and sustain inflammation, while inflammatory cells, mediators, and pathways orchestrate cancer-related processes. This interplay molds the tumor microenvironment, fosters therapeutic resistance, and negatively impacts prognosis. Understanding inflammation's role in cancer not only enhances our comprehension of tumorigenesis but also offers potential avenues for novel prevention and treatment strategies, ultimately promising a brighter future in the fight against this formidable disease.
  • 744
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Crohn’s Disease Complication
Crohn’s Disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder in which up to 50% of patients develop fistula within 20 years after the initial diagnosis, and half of these patients suffer perianal fistulizing disease. The etiopathogenesis of CD-related perianal fistula is still unclear, and its phenotypical and molecular characteristics are even more indefinite. A better understanding would be crucial to develop targeted and more effective therapeutic strategies.
  • 741
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Plant–Phytonematode Interactions in Nematode Control
Optimizing the approaches and compounds utilized to manage plant pests/pathogens via more reliable and safer techniques represents a current pressing challenge for sustainable agricultural systems. The dissatisfaction with synthesized pesticides, such as chemical nematicides, has been increasing. These trends concerning a lack of content for numerous pesticides are emanating from their unfavorable impacts, e.g., their unacceptable influences on ecological contamination and human health, non-target beneficial organisms, and the development of resistance-breaking pathotypes.
  • 741
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
ATGs Involved in Plant Immunity and NPR1 Metabolism
Autophagy is an important pathway of degrading excess and abnormal proteins and organelles through their engulfment into autophagosomes that subsequently fuse with the vacuole. Autophagy-related genes (ATGs) are essential for the formation of autophagosomes. To date, about 35 ATGs have been identified in Arabidopsis, which are involved in the occurrence and regulation of autophagy. Among these, 17 proteins are related to resistance against plant pathogens. The transcription coactivator non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) is involved in innate immunity and acquired resistance in plants, which regulates most salicylic acid (SA)-responsive genes.
  • 740
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Role of Enhancer-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation in Precision Biology
The emergence of precision biology has been driven by the development of advanced technologies and techniques in high-resolution biological research systems. Enhancer-mediated transcriptional regulation, a complex network of gene expression and regulation in eukaryotes, has attracted significant attention as a promising avenue for investigating the underlying mechanisms of biological processes and diseases. To address biological problems with precision, large amounts of data, functional information, and research on the mechanisms of action of biological molecules is required to address biological problems with precision. Enhancers, including typical enhancers and super enhancers, play a crucial role in gene expression and regulation within this network. The identification and targeting of disease-associated enhancers hold the potential to advance precision medicine.
  • 740
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Methods in Drug Combination Prediction
The prediction of drug combinations is of great clinical significance. In many diseases, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and stomach ulcers, the simultaneous use of two or more drugs has shown clear efficacy. It has greatly reduced the progression of drug resistance. 
  • 738
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
High-Density Lipoprotein and Multiple Myeloma
Lipid metabolism is intrinsically linked to tumorigenesis. And one of the most important characteristics of cancer is the modification of lipid metabolism and its correlation with oncogenic signaling pathways within the tumors. Because lipids function as signaling molecules, membrane structures, and energy sources, lipids are essential to the development of cancer.
  • 738
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
A Focus on Aquatic Animals
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are one of the best-known opportunistic pathogens capable of causing different types of infections in animals. Furthermore, it has the ability to acquire resistance to various antibiotics very easily. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are currently of great concern as they are the leading cause of infections in humans and animals, with a major impact on health and the economy.
  • 737
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Phytohormones and Pheromones
Plant hormones and pheromones are natural compounds involved in the growth, development, and reproductive processes. There is a plethora of studies on hormones and pheromones in terrestrial plants, but such investigations are few in the phycological literature. There are striking similarities between the chemical diversity, biosynthetic processes, roles, and actions of hormones and pheromones in both higher angiospermic plants and algae.
  • 736
  • 17 Dec 2024
Topic Review
Matrix Metalloproteases in PDAC
Pancreatic cancer is a dismal disorder that is histologically characterized by a dense fibrotic stroma around the tumor cells. As the extracellular matrix comprises the bulk of the stroma, matrix degrading proteases may play an important role in pancreatic cancer. It has been suggested that matrix metalloproteases are key drivers of both tumor growth and metastasis during pancreatic cancer progression. Based upon this notion, changes in matrix metalloprotease expression levels are often considered surrogate markers for pancreatic cancer progression and/or treatment response. Indeed, reduced matrix metalloprotease levels upon treatment (either pharmacological or due to genetic ablation) are considered as proof of the anti-tumorigenic potential of the mediator under study. 
  • 735
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Regulatory Element Database for Fly
The REDfly (Regulatory Element Database for Fly) database (http://redfly.ccr.buffalo.edu/, accessed on 27 July 2022) integrates all of the available insect cis-regulatory information from multiple sources to provide a comprehensive collection of known regulatory elements.
  • 735
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Protein Aggregates and Aggrephagy in Myopathies
A number of muscular disorders are hallmarked by the aggregation of misfolded proteins within muscle fibers. A specialized form of macroautophagy, termed aggrephagy, is designated to remove and degrade protein aggregates. Abnormalities in this pathway are highlighted in a specific muscular disorders.
  • 735
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Onco-Breastomics: An Eco-Evo-Devo Holistic Approach
Many mechanisms of cancer progression have been explained by principles of ecology, developmental biology, and evolutionary paradigms. Many authors have discussed ecological, developmental, and evolutionary strategies for more successful anti-cancer therapies, or for understanding the ecological, developmental, and evolutionary bases of breast cancer (BC) exploitable vulnerabilities. Researchers use the integrated framework of three well known ecological theories: the Bronfenbrenner’s theory of human development, the Vannote’s River Continuum Concept (RCC), and the Ecological Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Eco-Evo-Devo) theory, to explain and understand several eco-evo-devo-based principles that govern BC progression.
  • 734
  • 05 Feb 2024
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