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Topic Review
Metabolites of Apple
Apples represent a greater proportion of the worldwide fruit supply, due to their availability on the market and to the high number of existing cultivar varieties and apple-based products (fresh fruit, fruit juice, cider and crushed apples). Several studies on apple fruit metabolites are available, with most of them focusing on their healthy properties’ evaluation. In general, the metabolic profile of apple fruits strongly correlates with most of their peculiar characteristics, such as taste, flavor and color. At the same time, many bioactive molecules could be identified as markers of a specific apple variety. Therefore, a complete description of the analytical protocols commonly used for apple metabolites’ characterization and quantification could be useful for researchers involved in the identification of new phytochemical compounds from different apple varieties.
  • 2.5K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Environmental Factors Affect Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin
Calciotropic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin are involved in the regulation of bone mineral metabolism and maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body. Therefore, an understanding of environmental and genetic factors influencing PTH and calcitonin levels is crucial. Genetic factors are estimated to account for 60% of variations in PTH levels.
  • 2.5K
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Mechanism-Based Inactivation of CYP3A4 by Ritonavir
Ritonavir is the most potent cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inhibitor in clinical use and is often applied as a booster for drugs with low oral bioavailability due to CYP3A4-mediated biotransformation, as in the treatment of HIV (e.g., lopinavir/ritonavir) and more recently COVID-19 (Paxlovid or nirmatrelvir/ritonavir). Ritonavir is clearly a potent mechanism-based inactivator, which irreversibly blocks CYP3A4. 
  • 2.5K
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Envy-free Item Allocation
Envy-free (EF) item allocation is a fair item allocation problem, in which the fairness criterion is envy-freeness - each agent should receive a bundle that they believe to be at least as good as the bundle of any other agent.:296–297 Since the items are indivisible, an EF assignment may not exist. The simplest case is when there is a single item and at least two agents: if the item is assigned to one agent, the other will envy. Therefore, the division procedures provide various kinds of relaxations.
  • 2.5K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Europa Lander (NASA)
The Europa Lander is a proposed astrobiology mission concept by NASA to Europa, an icy moon of Jupiter. If funded and developed as a Flagship mission, it would be launched in 2025 to complement the studies by the Europa Clipper orbiter mission and perform analyses on site. The objectives of the mission are to search for biosignatures at the subsurface ≈10 cm, to characterize the composition of non-ice near-subsurface material, and determine the proximity of liquid water and recently erupted material near the lander's location.
  • 2.5K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Probiotics in the Treatment of Rotavirus Gastrointestinal Infections
Enteric viruses, including the rotavirus, norovirus, and adenoviruses, are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis. The rotavirus disease is especially prevalent among children, and studies over the past decade have revealed complex interactions between rotaviruses and the gut microbiota. One way to treat and prevent dysbiosis is the use of probiotics as an antiviral agent.
  • 2.5K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cobalt Catalysts for CO2 Reduction
Cobalt catalysts are very important due to their extensive applications in many industrial processes, such as Fisher–Tropsh synthesis and CO2 conversion. Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising strategy due to its easy operating system, simple constructions, operational at neutral pH, ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure, and low energy utilization to produce valuable chemicals and fuels such as formic acid, methane, ethanol, and carbon using renewable electricity. Therefore, CO2RR coupling with renewable energy sources can effectively achieve a carbon-neutral energy cycle and hydrocarbon products with high activity, stability, and selectivity.
  • 2.5K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Zeaxanthin and Lutein in Humans
Many factors in the environment (including radiation, pathogens, and various stresses) prompt internal formation of oxidants that orchestrate beneficial adjustments in human metabolism and but can also lead to damage and disease. To prevent adverse effects of these oxidants, humans require antioxidants and anti-inflammatories, many of which are vitamins and other essential micronutrients that must be consumed with the diet. The xanthophylls zeaxanthin and lutein are unique human micronutrients that protect the integrity and function of biological membranes – especially in the human eye and brain.
  • 2.5K
  • 16 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Thermogenesis
Thermogenesis is an energy demanding process by which endotherms produce heat to maintain their body temperature in response to cold exposure. Mitochondria in the brown and beige adipocytes play a key role in thermogenesis, as the site for uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which allows for the diffusion of protons through the mitochondrial inner membrane to produce heat. 
  • 2.5K
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Amorphization of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs
Amorphization technology has been the subject of continuous attention in the pharmaceutical industry, as a means to enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. Being in a high energy state, amorphous formulations generally display significantly increased apparent solubility as compared to their crystalline counterparts, which may allow them to generate a supersaturated state in the gastrointestinal tract and in turn, improve the bioavailability. Conventionally, hydrophilic polymers have been used as carriers, in which the amorphous drugs were dispersed and stabilized to form polymeric amorphous solid dispersions. However, the technique had its limitations, some of which include the need for a large number of carriers, the tendency to recrystallize during storage, and the possibility of thermal decomposition of the drug during preparation. Therefore, emerging amorphization technologies have focused on the investigation of novel amorphous-stabilizing carriers and preparation methods that can improve the drug loading and the degree of amorphization. 
  • 2.5K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Piezo-Photocatalysis
Piezocatalysis is a technique that relies on the conversion of mechanical energy to trigger chemical reactions that can be utilized to catalyze the degradation of pollutants in water. By combining piezoelectric materials with photocatalytic materials, the built-in electric field generated by the piezoelectric effect promotes the separation and migration of photogenerated carriers, thereby enhancing the efficiency, selectivity, and stability of photocatalytic reactions.
  • 2.5K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Relationship between COVID-19 and Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly heterogeneous disease regarding severity, vulnerability to infection due to comorbidities, and treatment approaches. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis has been identified as one of the most critical endocrine targets of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that might significantly impact outcomes after infection.
  • 2.5K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Augmented Reality
Research shows the beneficial effects of applying Augmented Reality technology to improve different abilities in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: cognitive and emotional processes, social communication, theory of mind, attention, and functional and motor outcomes.
  • 2.5K
  • 02 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Sustainable Digital Innovation
Digital innovation is referring to a product, process or business model that is new or requires significant changes and it is enabled by IT. Sustainable digital innovation supports the digitalization process of the economy in a green, long-lasting and organic way. Thus, it serves the need of a sustainable future. The regular digital innovation addresses performances, costs, technology and attractiveness to customers and business, while the sustainable one also addresses to the environmental and social factors. Sustainable digital innovation tries to create value for all the stakeholders involved in the production and distribution process, it is inspired by nature, not only by technology, it reduces resources waste and targets the societal goals, not only the commercial and business goals.
  • 2.5K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Lazar Armored Vehicle
LAZAR is an 8×8 multi-role military vehicle family produced by the Serbian defence industry company Yugoimport SDPR.
  • 2.5K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Impacts of Prefabrication in the Building Construction Industry
Interest in sustainable construction has been increasing due to recent events. The limitations of natural resources and the scale of global impacts, specifically as a result of the effects of global climate change, have consequences for the construction sector. These changes are giving rise to a need to reassess the way we face the built environment and rethink new solutions for construction systems or methods that contribute to mitigating negative consequences, among which we highlight the prefabrication method. This new scenario, characterised by the need to meet the decarbonisation goals set for 2050, as well as the effects of the spread of the pandemic crisis, emphasizes the importance of understanding the impacts that may occur in the construction industry, which are essentially understood as increases in sustainability, productivity, quality and, consequently, as reductions in deadlines, costs, and dependence on labour. Therefore, this entry seeks to study on the existing literature on prefabrication, seeking to gather relevant information on the new advances, challenges, and opportunities of this construction method whose approach has been mostly focused on partial or specific aspects for case studies, both highlighting the potential and identifying the gaps and opportunities of prefabrication in this new context. The prefabrication method brings benefits compared to the conventional method, and may be an alternative, as it has more positive global impacts on the environment, the economy, and society, and consequently on the sustainable development of construction, despite some limitations that have been reported and that should be looked into in the future.
  • 2.5K
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Search and Rescue
The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in search and rescue (SAR) can greatly enhance the task success rates in reaching inaccessible or dangerous areas, performing challenging operations, and providing real-time monitoring and modeling of the situation.
  • 2.5K
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Remote Monitoring of Vital Signs
Techniques for noncontact measurement of vital signs using camera imaging technologies have been attracting increasing attention. For noncontact physiological assessments, computer vision-based methods appear to be an advantageous approach that could be robust, hygienic, reliable, safe, cost effective and suitable for long distance and long-term monitoring. In addition, video techniques allow measurements from multiple individuals opportunistically and simultaneously in groups. This paper aims to explore the progress of the technology from controlled clinical scenarios with fixed monitoring installations and controlled lighting, towards uncontrolled environments, crowds and moving sensor platforms. We focus on the diversity of applications and scenarios being studied in this topic. From this review it emerges that automatic multiple regions of interest (ROIs) selection, removal of noise artefacts caused by both illumination variations and motion artefacts, simultaneous multiple person monitoring, long distance detection, multi-camera fusion and accepted publicly available datasets are topics that still require research to enable the technology to mature into many real-world applications.
  • 2.5K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Stellar Astronomy
Astronomy (from grc ἀστρονομία (Script error: No such module "Ancient Greek".) 'science that studies the laws of the stars') is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, and comets. Relevant phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts, quasars, blazars, pulsars, and cosmic microwave background radiation. More generally, astronomy studies everything that originates beyond Earth's atmosphere. Cosmology is a branch of astronomy that studies the universe as a whole. Astronomy is one of the oldest natural sciences. The early civilizations in recorded history made methodical observations of the night sky. These include the Babylonians, Greeks, Indians, Egyptians, Chinese, Maya, and many ancient indigenous peoples of the Americas. In the past, astronomy included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy, and the making of calendars. Nowadays, professional astronomy is often said to be the same as astrophysics. Professional astronomy is split into observational and theoretical branches. Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects. This data is then analyzed using basic principles of physics. Theoretical astronomy is oriented toward the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena. These two fields complement each other. Theoretical astronomy seeks to explain observational results and observations are used to confirm theoretical results. Astronomy is one of the few sciences in which amateurs play an active role. This is especially true for the discovery and observation of transient events. Amateur astronomers have helped with many important discoveries, such as finding new comets.
  • 2.5K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Aardwolf
The Aardwolf (Proteles cristata) is a unique and intriguing species of hyena found primarily in eastern and southern Africa. Despite its resemblance to its larger relatives, the Aardwolf is a specialized insectivore, primarily feeding on termites and other insects. With its distinctive mane, elongated snout, and nocturnal habits, the Aardwolf occupies a specialized ecological niche and plays a vital role in controlling insect populations within its ecosystem.
  • 2.5K
  • 28 Feb 2024
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