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Topic Review
GeneCards
GeneCards is a database of human genes that provides genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, genetic and functional information on all known and predicted human genes. It is being developed and maintained by the Crown Human Genome Center at the Weizmann Institute of Science. The database aims at providing a quick overview of the current available biomedical information about the searched gene, including the human genes, the encoded proteins, and the relevant diseases. The GeneCards database provides access to free Web resources about more than 7000 all known human genes that integrated from >90 data resources, such as HGNC, Ensembl, and NCBI. The core gene list is based on approved gene symbols published by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC). The information is carefully gathered and selected from these databases by its engine. If the search does not return any results, this database will give several suggestions to help users accomplish their search depending on the type of query and offer direct links to other databases’ search engine. Over time, the GeneCards database has developed a suite of tools (GeneDecks, GeneLoc, GeneALaCart) that has more specialised capability. Since 1998, the GeneCards database has been widely used by bioinformatics, genomics and medical communities for more than 15 years.
  • 2.5K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Three Dimensional Printing
The following article introduces technologies that build 3 dimensional (3D) objects by adding layer-upon-layer of material, called also additive manufacturing technologies.  Furthermore most important features supporting the conscious choice of 3D printing methods for applications in micro and nanomanufacturing were covered. The micromanufacturing method covers photopolymerisation based methods such as Stereolithography (SLA), Digital Light Processing (DLP), Liquid Crystal Display – DLP coupled method, Two-Photon Polymerisation (TPP) and Inkjet based methods. Functional photocurable materials, with magnetic, conductive or specific optical applications in the 3D printing processes were also reviewed. 
  • 2.5K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Skin Microbiota and Cosmetics Influence
Dermatological and cosmetics fields have recently started to focus on the human skin microbiome and microbiota, since the skin microbiota is involved in the health and dysbiosis of the skin ecosystem. Amongst the skin microorganisms, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes, both commensal bacteria, appear as skin microbiota sentinels. These sentinels have a key role in the skin ecosystem since they protect and prevent microbiota disequilibrium by fighting pathogens and participate in skin homeostasis through the production of beneficial bacterial metabolites. These bacteria adapt to changing skin microenvironments and can shift to being opportunistic pathogens, forming biofilms, and thus are involved in common skin dysbiosis, such as acne or atopic dermatitis.
  • 2.5K
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Skeletal Muscle Cells
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a specialized form of the endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells, dedicated to calcium ion (Ca2+) handling, necessary for muscle contraction and relaxation.
  • 2.5K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Agouti (Gene)
The agouti gene encodes the agouti-signaling protein (ASIP), responsible for the distribution of melanin pigment in mammals. Agouti interacts with the melanocortin 1 receptor to determine whether the melanocyte (pigment cell) produces phaeomelanin (a red to yellow pigment), or eumelanin (a brown to black pigment). This interaction is responsible for making distinct light and dark bands in the hairs of animals such as the agouti. In other species such as horses, the agouti gene is responsible for determining which parts of the body will be black. Horses can either have black distributed across its body or can have black only in certain locations such as the tail, ears, mane, and the lower legs. In mice, the agouti gene determines whether the animal will be yellow or grey and brown. The agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) is a competitive antagonist with alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) to bind with melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) proteins. Activation by α-MSH causes production of the darker eumelanin, while activation by ASIP causes production of the redder phaeomelanin. This means that if agouti is expressed then the phenotype will be yellow and if it's not expressed then the phenotype would be grey.
  • 2.5K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Kokum Oil
Kokum oil comes from the seeds of the kokum tree (Garcinia indica). This fruit-bearing tree is also known as the wild mangosten tree, and also the red mangosten tree. This tree belongs to the Guttiferae family of the plant kingdom. Its scientific name is Garcinia indica. The oil extracted from the seeds is edible, and it can also be used for things other than cooking.
  • 2.5K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Food-Waste-Reduction Based on IoT and Big Data
IoT technology through ICT infrastructure and smart devices combines to gather huge amounts of data in real-time, which is commonly known as big data. The big data generated by IoT devices will be stored in the big data storage system and will be used for analysis. The importance of Food Wastage Reduction (FWR) is related to the loss of all the natural resources in the supply chain, including expenditures related to the use of land, water supply, and energy consumption. The application of IoT to FWR systems is also examined where use RFID sensors as a key tool to monitor food waste for each individual in accordance with the proposed model, while describe the application of IoT-based technologies to agricultural supply chain management in developing countries.
  • 2.5K
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Platinum and Palladium Solvent Extraction of Spent Catalysts
The strategic importance of platinum and palladium, two platinum-group metals (PGMs), is particularly supported by their technological applications, one of the most relevant being the role they perform as catalysts for several sorts of chemical reactions.
  • 2.5K
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D, Oxidative-Stress and Aging
Recent advances in vitamin D research indicate that this vitamin, a secosteroid hormone, has beneficial effects on several body systems other than the musculoskeletal system. Both 25 dihydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)2D] and its active hormonal form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] are essential for human physiological functions, including damping down inflammation and the excessive intracellular oxidative stresses. Vitamin D is one of the key controllers of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiratory function, and thus, the aging process in humans. In turn, molecular and cellular actions form 1,25(OH)2D slow down oxidative stress, cell and tissue damage, and the aging process. On the other hand, hypovitaminosis D impairs mitochondrial functions, and enhances oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. The interaction of 1,25(OH)2D with its intracellular receptors modulates vitamin D–dependent gene transcription and activation of vitamin D-responsive elements, which triggers multiple second messenger systems. Thus, it is not surprising that hypovitaminosis D increases the incidence and severity of several age-related common diseases, such as metabolic disorders that are linked to oxidative stress. These include obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, pregnancy complications, memory disorders, osteoporosis, autoimmune diseases, certain cancers, and systemic inflammatory diseases. Vitamin D adequacy leads to less oxidative stress and improves mitochondrial and endocrine functions, reducing the risks of disorders, such as autoimmunity, infections, metabolic derangements, and impairment of DNA repair; all of this aids a healthy, graceful aging process. Vitamin D is also a potent anti-oxidant that facilitates balanced mitochondrial activities, preventing oxidative stress-related protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. New understandings of vitamin D-related advances in metabolomics, transcriptomics, epigenetics, in relation to its ability to control oxidative stress in conjunction with micronutrients, vitamins, and antioxidants, following normalization of serum 25(OH)D and tissue 1,25(OH)2D concentrations, likely to promise cost-effective better clinical outcomes in humans. 
  • 2.5K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Amitābha
Template:Infobox Buddha Amitābha (Sanskrit pronunciation: [əmiˈt̪aːbʱə]), also known as Amida or Amitāyus, is a celestial buddha according to the scriptures of Mahayana Buddhism. Amitābha is the principal buddha in Pure Land Buddhism, a branch of East Asian Buddhism. In Vajrayana Buddhism, Amitābha is known for his longevity attribute, magnetising red fire element, the aggregate of discernment, pure perception and the deep awareness of emptiness of phenomena. According to these scriptures, Amitābha possesses infinite merits resulting from good deeds over countless past lives as a bodhisattva named Dharmakāra. Amitābha means "Infinite Light", and Amitāyus means "Infinite Life" so Amitābha is also called "The Buddha of Immeasurable Light and Life".
  • 2.5K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Source and Toxicity of Heavy Metal Ions
Urbanization and industrialization are responsible for environmental contamination in the air, water, and soil. These activities also generate large amounts of heavy metal ions in the environment, and these contaminants cause various types of health issues in humans and other animals.
  • 2.5K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin C and Neutrophil Function
Vitamin C is known to support immune function and is accumulated by neutrophils to millimolar intracellular concentrations suggesting an important role for the vitamin in these cells.
  • 2.5K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Novel Excipients Used in Modified Release Vaginal Formulations
The formulation of an ideal vaginal drug delivery system (DDS), with the requisite properties, with respect to safety, efficacy, patient compliance, aesthetics, harmonization with the regulatory requirements, and cost, requires a meticulous selection of the active ingredients and the excipients used. Novel excipients defined by diversity and multifunctionality are used in order to ameliorate drug delivery attributes. Synthetic and natural polymers are broadly used in pharmaceutical vaginal formulations (solid, semi-solid dosage forms, implantable devices, and nanomedicines) with a promising perspective in improving stability and compatibility issues when administered topically or systemically. Moreover, the use of biopolymers is aiming towards formulating novel bioactive, biocompatible, and biodegradable DDSs with a controllable drug release rate. 
  • 2.5K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) comprise a group of chemical compounds consisting of two or more fused benzene rings. PAHs exhibit hydrophobicity and low water solubility, while some of their members are toxic substances resistant to degradation. Due to their low levels in environmental matrices, a preconcentration step is usually required for their determination. Nowadays, there is a wide variety of sample preparation techniques, including micro-extraction techniques (e.g., solid-phase microextraction and liquid phase microextraction) and miniaturized extraction techniques (e.g., dispersive solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, fabric phase sorptive extraction etc.). 
  • 2.5K
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Building Material
In history there are trends in building materials from being natural to becoming more man-made and composite; biodegradable to imperishable; indigenous (local) to being transported globally; repairable to disposable; chosen for increased levels of fire-safety, and improved seismic resistance.. These trends tend to increase the initial and long term economic, ecological, energy, and social costs of building materials.
  • 2.5K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Avian Leukosis VIrus (ALV)
Avian leukosis viruses (ALVs) have been virtually eradicated from commercial poultry. However, some niches remain as pockets from which this group of viruses may reemerge and induce economic losses. Such is the case of fancy, hobby, backyard chickens and indigenous or native breeds, which are not as strictly inspected as commercial poultry and which have been found to harbor ALVs. In addition, relics of ancient infections by ALV remain in the genome of birds, with which ALV may recombine and generate new viruses.
  • 2.5K
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Fluorinated BODIPY Dyes
The synthesis of fluorine-containing small molecules has had numerous benefits of improving the quality and efficiency of many applications of these compounds. Compounds such as derivatives of boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) typically demonstrate signal wavelengths around 500 nm and 600 nm; however, it is more favorable to see these signals closer to 700 nm to improve fluorophore applications. For this reason, recent studies described further in the text demonstrate the applications of adding fluorine-based substituents and phenyl rings to the chemical designs, thus redshifting absorption and fluorescence wavelengths.
  • 2.5K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Health Benefits of Noni Juice
Noni juice is a globally popular health beverage originating in the tropics. Traditional healers believe the noni plant to be useful in treating a wide range of maladies. Consumers throughout the world have similar perceptions. To better understand the potential health benefits of noni juice, human intervention studies are reviewed and discussed.
  • 2.5K
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Resonant Vibration Energy Harvesters
An increasing number of practical applications (e.g. medical implants, embedded sensors in buildings and bridges, industrial applications) are based on the use of Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSNs), which are small computing devices capable of collecting and transmitting data to a base station. In order to limit or to avoid the drawbacks associated to the use of primary batteries (expensive maintenance/replacement, insufficient or unpredictable duration of operational life, not eco-friendly disposal due to their hazardous chemical content), the required energy can be delivered to the WSNs by energy harvesting. Energy harvesting is the conversion of otherwise wasted energy into electrical energy. Since vibrations can be found almost everywhere, an interesting possibility is represented by the use of vibration energy harvesters.  Here the attention is focused on Resonant Vibration Energy Harvesters (RVEHs) and in particular on Piezoelectric RVEHs and Electromagnetic RVEHs. A brief description of their operating principles is provided and their equivalent electric circuits are analyzed in order to identify the operating conditions able to maximize the extracted electrical power. This is a crucial aspect in applications involving energy harvesting systems. Moreover a brief introduction to the concepts of Electrical and Mechanical Tuning Techniques is also provided.
  • 2.5K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Mycotoxins in Beverages
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi that contaminate food products such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, beverages, and other agricultural commodities. 
  • 2.5K
  • 18 May 2021
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