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Topic Review
Effects of Dietary Fat on Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of global mortality, and is considered one of diseases with the most rapid growth rate in China. Dietary fat is one of the three primary nutrients of consumption; however, high fat dietary in causing CVD has been neglected in some official dietary guidelines.
  • 323
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Structure and Role
The beneficial effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) are nowadays highlighted by a plethora of studies. They play a role in suppression of inflammation, gene expression, cellular membrane fluidity/permeability, immune functionality and intracellular/exocellular signaling.
  • 322
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Management of Hypertension in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Hypertension is a critical component of cardiovascular disease progression in patients with chronic kidney disease, and specifically diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Causation versus correlation remains up for debate, but what has been confirmed is the delay of DKD progression when hypertension is controlled or moved to guideline drive ranges.
  • 322
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Personalized Three-Dimensional Printed Models in Congenital Heart Disease
Patient-specific three-dimensional (3D) printed models have been increasingly used in cardiology and cardiac surgery, in particular, showing great value in the domain of congenital heart disease (CHD). CHD is characterized by complex cardiac anomalies with disease variations between individuals; thus, it is difficult to obtain comprehensive spatial conceptualization of the cardiac structures based on the current imaging visualizations. 3D printed models derived from patient’s cardiac imaging data overcome this limitation by creating personalized 3D heart models, which not only improve spatial visualization, but also assist preoperative planning and simulation of cardiac procedures, serve as a useful tool in medical education and training, and improve doctor–patient communication.
  • 319
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer-Induced Cardiovascular Toxicity
The number of patients diagnosed with breast cancer and cardiovascular disease is continuously rising. Treatment options for breast cancer have greatly evolved, but radiotherapy (RT) still has a key role in it. Despite many advances in RT techniques, cardiotoxicity is one of the most important side effects. 
  • 319
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Congestive Biomarkers in HFrEF
In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, edema and congestion are related to reduced cardiac function. Edema and congestion are further aggravated by chronic kidney failure and pulmonary abnormalities. Furthermore, together with edema/congestion, sodium/water retention is an important sign of the progression of heart failure. Edema/congestion often anticipates clinical symptoms, such as dyspnea and hospitalization; it is associated with a reduced quality of life and a major risk of mortality. It is very important for clinicians to predict the signs of congestion with biomarkers and, mainly, to understand the pathophysiological findings that underlie edema. Not all congestions are secondary to heart failure, as in nephrotic syndrome. 
  • 319
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
MSC Exosomal miRNAs in Heart Repair
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy is one of the most promising modalities for cardiac repair. Accumulated evidence suggests that the therapeutic value of MSCs is mainly attributable to exosomes. MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) replicate the beneficial effects of MSCs by regulating various cellular responses and signaling pathways implicated in cardiac regeneration and repair. miRNAs constitute an important fraction of exosome content and are key contributors to the biological function of MSC-Exo.
  • 319
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence for Vascular Dysfunction Identification
Arterial blood pressure monitoring plays an important role in preventive medicine, allowing, in selected cases, the identification of vascular dysfunction. Extensive research, encompassing both healthy subjects and patients with a range of vascular issues, has consistently demonstrated the efficacy of the Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) technique in identifying cases of impaired vascular function, including many cases of silent vascular dysfunction that are not manifested by changes in blood pressure. 
  • 319
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of 3D Printing in Cardiovascular Disease
3D printing has shown great promise in many medical applications covering a spectrum of areas, depending on the location, type and severity of pathologies. Whereas in the field of cardiovascular disease, in particular, congenital heart disease, the clinical value of 3D printing focuses on education of medical students or junior doctors or residents, improves physician-patient communication and increases confidence of cardiologists or cardiac surgeons in dealing with complex cardiac conditions. 3D printing is useful to develop medical devices in the treatment of aortic or valvular diseases.
  • 317
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Imaging in Infective Endocarditis
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a growing epidemiological challenge. Appropriate diagnosis remains difficult due to heterogenous etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation. The disease may be followed by increased mortality and numerous diverse complications.
  • 316
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes Associated with OSA in Diabetics
There is significant pathogenic and epidemiological overlap between diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).  There may be a possible association between OSA and diabetes and their impact on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Identifying and managing OSA in individuals with diabetes at an early phase could potentially reduce the risk of CVDs and its related complications.
  • 316
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Possible Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrillation in Athletes
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice, and it is an enormous burden worldwide because of its high morbidity, disability and mortality. It is generally acknowledged that physical activity (PA) is strongly associated with a significant reduction in the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease and all-cause mortality. Moreover, it has been observed that moderate and regular physical activity has the potential to reduce the risk of AF, in addition to improving overall well-being.
  • 314
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Leadless Ventricular Pacemaker
Conventional transvenous pacemakers (TPMs) have been the cornerstone of the treatment of bradyarrhythmias. With technological advances in device miniaturization, communication, and battery longevity, leadless pacemakers (LPMs) have emerged as an alternative to TPMs to eliminate the complications associated with leads and subcutaneous pockets.
  • 313
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Bioprinting in Cardiovascular Disease
Three-dimensional (3D) printing plays an important role in cardiovascular disease through the use of personalised models that replicate the normal anatomy and its pathology with high accuracy and reliability. 3D bioprinting represents a promising field that could revolutionise the future of cardiovascular disease treatment. Three-dimensional bioprinting uses mostly the same additive manufacturing technologies but prints functional living structures from biological components such as living cells, biomaterials and growth factors.
  • 313
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
mTORC1 and SGLT2 Inhibitors for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a critical diabetes-mediated co-morbidity characterized by cardiac dysfunction and heart failure, without predisposing hypertensive or atherosclerotic conditions. Metabolic insulin resistance, promoting hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, is the primary cause of diabetes-related disorders, but ambiguous tissue-specific insulin sensitivity has shed light on the importance of identifying a unified target paradigm for both the glycemic and non-glycemic context of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Several studies have indicated hyperactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), specifically complex 1 (mTORC1), as a critical mediator of T2D pathophysiology by promoting insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, vasoconstriction, and stress. Moreover, mTORC1 inhibitors like rapamycin and their analogs have shown significant benefits in diabetes and related cardiac dysfunction. Recently, FDA-approved anti-hyperglycemic sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have gained therapeutic popularity for T2D and diabetic cardiomyopathy, even acknowledging the absence of SGLT2 channels in the heart. Recent studies have proposed SGLT2-independent drug mechanisms to ascertain their cardioprotective benefits by regulating sodium homeostasis and mimicking energy deprivation.
  • 313
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Potential Mechanisms of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, originally used for diabetes mellitus, are gaining more popularity for other indications, owing to their positive cardiovascular and renal effects. SGLT2 inhibitors reduce heart failure (HF) hospitalization and improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. SGLT2 inhibitors exhibit pleotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. It is clear that these beneficial effects are not related to the anti-glycemic properties. Cardiovascular benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors are mediated by several pathways. Enhanced diuresis and vascular dilation result in afterload reduction and coronary blood flow augmentation. Ketogenesis mediated by adipose tissue and hepatocytes promote ketogenesis, which serves as an energy source for the failing heart. In addition, SGLT2 inhibitors contribute to decreasing inflammation and improving systolic and diastolic functions by reducing fibrosis and inhibiting remodeling pathways.
  • 312
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Interleukins on CMs in Heart Disease
Myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) are the most common heart diseases, yet there is currently no effective therapy due to their complex pathogenesis. Cardiomyocytes (CMs), fibroblasts (FBs), endothelial cells (ECs), and immune cells are the primary cell types involved in heart disorders, and, thus, targeting a specific cell type for the treatment of heart disease may be more effective. The same interleukin may have various effects on different kinds of cell types in heart disease. CMs are the beating muscle cells that make up the atria and ventricles and are being targeted primarily in heart disease therapy.
  • 309
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Dipeptidyl Amino-Peptidase 3 (DPP3) in Cardiogenic Shock
Dipeptidyl amino-peptidase 3 (DPP3) is an aminopeptidase that is released into circulation upon cell death. DPP3 is involved in the degradation of angiotensins, enkephalines, and endomorphines. It has been shown that circulating DPP3 (cDPP3) plasma concentration increases in cardiogenic shock (CS) patients and correlates with high mortality risk. Cardiogenic shock is a life-threatening syndrome associated with organ hypoperfusion. One of the common causes of CS is acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  • 309
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy on Cardiovascular System
Cancer remains one of the leading killers world-wide. New drugs to treat cancer that exploit the immune system to attack cancer have been developed called immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). As use of these potent anti-cancer therapeutics have grown, researchers have noticed an unsettling association with use of ICIs and cardiovascular complications known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). 
  • 309
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Obesity-Related Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms underlying AF are complex and multifactorial. In addition to overall hemodynamic changes due to increased body weight, excess adiposity raises systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, which lead to adverse atrial remodeling. This remodeling includes atrial fibrosis, atrial dilation, decreased electrical conduction between atrial myocytes, and altered ionic currents, making atrial tissue more vulnerable to both the initiation and maintenance of AF. However, much remains to be learned about the mechanistic links between obesity and AF. 
  • 308
  • 06 Oct 2023
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