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Topic Review
Mitochondrial Impairment in the Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4
Cardiorenal syndrome type 4 (CRS type 4) occurs when chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to cardiovascular damage, resulting in high morbidity and mortality rates. Mitochondria, vital organelles responsible for essential cellular functions, can become dysfunctional in CKD. This dysfunction can trigger inflammatory responses in distant organs by releasing Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These DAMPs are recognized by immune receptors within cells, including Toll-like receptors (TLR) like TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)–adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase (cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway. Activation of these immune receptors leads to the increased expression of cytokines and chemokines. Excessive chemokine stimulation results in the recruitment of inflammatory cells into tissues, causing chronic damage. Experimental studies have demonstrated that chemokines are upregulated in the heart during CKD, contributing to CRS type 4. 
  • 506
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Earlier Studies of Zanubrutinib in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Due to improved selectivity and favorable toxicity profiles, the next-generation Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKis) are replacing ibrutinib in the treatment of B-cell malignancies including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). While efficacy between different BTKi agents is probably similar, there are important differences in toxicity profiles (including lower incidences of cardiovascular complications) that favor the choice of second-generation BTKis such as zanubrutinib.
  • 505
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Intestinal Microbiota in Cancer Immunotherapy
Despite the great achievements of cancer immunotherapy in a variety of tumors, tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance still plague patients and clinical researchers. In particular, the occurrence of immune-related adverse events forces patients to discontinue cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, it is urgent to optimize cancer immunotherapy and improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. With the iteration of sequencing technology, the microbiome, as the second set of genomes in the body, has been proven to be involved in immunity and metabolism. More and more studies are gradually shifting the perspective to the intestinal microbiota and cancer immunotherapy. The intestinal microbiota reactivates and modulates immune cells in immunotherapy and is expected to become a biomarker for predicting immune efficacy. Targeting to improve the intestinal microbiota can enhance anti-tumor immunity. This advantage is beneficial to control related adverse symptoms and expand the beneficiary population of cancer immunotherapy. This finding can help clinicians comprehensively evaluate the effect of tumor screening and tumor treatment. Therefore, the innovative combination of gut microbiota and cancer immunotherapy is expected to be an active strategy to enhance individualized immune responses. 
  • 495
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Principles of Immunology Relevant to Oral Vaccination
Vaccines continue to play an enormous role in the progression of aquaculture industries worldwide. Though preventable diseases cause massive economic losses, injection-based vaccine delivery is cost-prohibitive or otherwise impractical for many producers. Most oral vaccines, which are much cheaper to administer, do not provide adequate protection relative to traditional injection or even immersion formulas. Research has focused on determining why there appears to be a lack of protection afforded by oral vaccines. The basic immunological principles is reviewed associated with oral vaccination before discussing the recent progress and current status of oral vaccine research. This knowledge is critical for the development and advancement of efficacious oral vaccines for the aquaculture industry.
  • 495
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Adaptive Immunity in Older People
Vaccination is the best strategy to prevent this fact, but older people present a less efficient response, as their immune system is weaker due mainly to a phenomenon known as immunosenescence. The adaptive immune system is constituted by two types of lymphocytes, T and B cells, and the function and fitness of these cell populations are affected during ageing.
  • 494
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Novel Therapies in Glioblastoma Treatment
One of the most prevalent primary malignant brain tumors is glioblastoma (GB). About 6 incidents per 100,000 people are reported annually. Most frequently, these tumors are linked to a poor prognosis and poor quality of life. There has been little advancement in the treatment of GB. In recent years, some innovative medicines have been tested for the treatment of newly diagnosed cases of GB and recurrent cases of GB. Surgery, radiotherapy, and alkylating chemotherapy are all common treatments for GB. A few of the potential alternatives include immunotherapy, tumor-treating fields (TTFs), and medications that target specific cellular receptors. To provide new multimodal therapies that focus on the molecular pathways implicated in tumor initiation and progression in GB, novel medications, delivery technologies, and immunotherapy approaches are being researched. Of these, oncolytic viruses (OVs) are among the most recent. Coupling OVs with certain modern treatment approaches may have significant benefits for GB patients. 
  • 493
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Role of Extracellular Vesicles in SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have a significant impact on the pathophysiological processes associated with various diseases such as tumors, inflammation, and infection. They exhibit molecular, biochemical, and entry control characteristics similar to viral infections. Viruses, on the other hand, depend on host metabolic machineries to fulfill their biosynthetic requirements. Due to potential advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradation, and efficient immune activation, EVs have emerged as potential therapeutic targets against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. 
  • 493
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Interconnection between Inflammation, Epigenetics and Nutrition in Cancer
Inflammation is a key contributor to both the initiation and progression of tumors, and it can be triggered by genetic instability within tumors, as well as by lifestyle and dietary factors. The inflammatory response plays a critical role in the genetic and epigenetic reprogramming of tumor cells, as well as in the cells that comprise the tumor microenvironment. Cells in the microenvironment acquire a phenotype that promotes immune evasion, progression, and metastasis.
  • 486
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Microbiota–Immunity–Hormone Interactions on Autoimmune Diseases and Infection
The immune system has to develop to defend against pathogens while simultaneously tolerating the beneficial microorganisms that coexist symbiotically with the host. Moreover, the microbiota in the large intestine plays a significant role in preserving mucosal and systemic homeostasis. The interaction between the large intestine microbiota and local immune cells is crucial for directing specific immune responses and, consequently, for performing immunomodulatory functions.
  • 483
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Immunity and Metabolism in Aortic Dissection
Aortic dissection (AD) is a cardiovascular disease that seriously endangers the lives of patients. The mortality rate of this disease is high, and the incidence is increasing annually, but the pathogenesis of AD is complicated. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that immune cell infiltration in the media and adventitia of the aorta is a novel hallmark of AD. These cells contribute to changes in the immune microenvironment, which can affect their own metabolism and that of parenchymal cells in the aortic wall, which are essential factors that induce degeneration and remodeling of the vascular wall and play important roles in the formation and development of AD.
  • 474
  • 09 May 2024
Topic Review
Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccine Efficacy through Genetic Modulation
The dendritic cell (DC) vaccine anti-cancer strategy involves tumour-associated antigen loading and maturation of autologous ex vivo cultured DCs, followed by infusion into the cancer patient. This strategy stemmed from the idea that to induce a robust anti-tumour immune response, it was necessary to bypass the fundamental immunosuppressive mechanisms of the tumour microenvironment that dampen down endogenous innate immune cell activation and enable tumours to evade immune attack. Even though the feasibility and safety of DC vaccines have long been confirmed, clinical response rates remain disappointing. Hence, the full potential of DC vaccines has yet to be reached. Whether this cellular-based vaccination approach will fully realise its position in the immunotherapy arsenal is yet to be determined. Attempts to increase DC vaccine immunogenicity will depend on increasing people's understanding of DC biology and the signalling pathways involved in antigen uptake, maturation, migration, and T lymphocyte priming to identify amenable molecular targets to improve DC vaccine performance.
  • 467
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
IL-23 in Autoimmune Fibrotic Diseases
Interleukin (IL)-23 is a central pro-inflammatory cytokine with a broad range of effects on immune responses. IL-23 is pathologically linked to the induction of the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17 and IL-22, which stimulate the differentiation and proliferation of T helper type 17 (Th17) cells. Discoveries suggest a potential pro-fibrotic role for IL-23 in the development of chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases characterized by intense fibrosis.
  • 466
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Ovarian Cancer Immunogenicity
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic cancer. The disease is often diagnosed after wide-spread dissemination, and the standard treatment combines aggressive surgery with platinum-based chemotherapy; however, most patients experience relapse in the form of peritoneal carcinomatosis, resulting in a 5-year mortality below 45%. There is clearly a need for the development of novel treatments and cancer immunotherapies offering a different approach. Immunotherapies have demonstrated their efficacy in many types of cancers; however, only <15% of EOC patients show any evidence of response. One of the main barriers behind the poor therapeutic outcome is the reduced expression of Major Histocompatibility Complexes class I (MHC I) which occurs in approximately 60% of EOC cases. 
  • 465
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
NOD Contibutes to the Immune and Metabolic Health
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like (NOD) receptors rely on the interface between immunity and metabolism. Dietary factors constitute critical players in the activation of innate immunity and modulation of the gut microbiota.
  • 459
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Innate Immunity in Tumor Microenvironment
Immunotherapies including adaptive immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, have developed the treatment of cancer in clinic, and most of them focus on activating T cell immunity. Although these strategies have obtained unprecedented clinical responses, only limited subsets of cancer patients could receive long-term benefits, highlighting the demand for identifying novel targets for the new era of tumor immunotherapy. Innate immunity has been demonstrated to play a determinative role in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and influence the clinical outcomes of tumor patients.
  • 458
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Neurotrophic Virus and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Development
Neurotrophic viruses are pathogens that can cause alterations in the function of the central nervous system (CNS). These viruses can enter the CNS through the previously mentioned pathways. Additionally, it has been observed that viruses whose genome corresponds to RNA can be introduced into the CNS through nerves, such as the sciatic nerve. Some can even transport immune cells, allowing them to arrive at the CNS. On the other hand, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses can enter the CNS by penetrating the blood–brain barrier, utilizing brain microvascular endothelial cells, and even using sensory nerve endings and olfactory receptor neurons to enter the CNS. When the infection occurs, the main mechanism that the CNS possesses to defend itself is the activation of microglia, which induce the activation of the innate immune response and a subsequent adaptive immune response. Even the microglia can act with astrocytes to induce the chemotaxis of immune cells, like neutrophils, to combat infection generated in the CNS.
  • 449
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Models of Protective Immunity against Schistosomes
A schistosome vaccine still looks to be a distant prospect. These helminths can live in the human bloodstream for years, even decades, surrounded by and feeding on the components of the immune response they provoke. The original idea of a vaccine based on the killing of invading cercariae in the skin has proven to be illusory. There has also been a realisation that even if humans develop some protection against infection over a protracted period, it very likely involves IgE-mediated responses that cannot provide the basis for a vaccine. However, it has also become clear that both invasive migrating larvae and adult worms must expose proteins and release secretions into the host environment as part of their normal biological activities. These antigens are now the focus of current vaccine developments.
  • 447
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Diverse Immune Cells in Behçet’s Disease
Behçet’s disease (BD) is a complex, recurring inflammatory disorder with autoinflammatory and autoimmune components. This comprehensive review aims to explore BD’s pathogenesis, focusing on established genetic factors. Studies reveal that HLA-B*51 is the primary genetic risk factor, but non-HLA genes (ERAP1, IL-10, IL23R/IL-12RB2), as well as innate immunity genes (FUT2, MICA, TLRs), also contribute. Genome-wide studies emphasize the significance of ERAP1 and HLA-I epistasis. These variants influence antigen presentation, enzymatic activity, and HLA-I peptidomes, potentially leading to distinct autoimmune responses. 
  • 447
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
HIV Vaccine Development Based on Tat
Vaccination is undoubtedly the most cost-effective intervention to curb the HIV pandemic, both in the preventative and therapeutic setting. Based on the epidemiological evidence and experimental data indicating a protective role for anti-Tat immunity, in particular of anti-Tat Abs, the development of vaccines based on Tat was undertaken.
  • 447
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Th2 Pathways in Gastric Metaplasia
Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide, with chronic gastritis representing the main predisposing factor initiating the cascade of events leading to metaplasia and eventually progressing to cancer. Th2 immune responses play a major role in the events causing chronic inflammation leading to tumorigenesis.
  • 445
  • 07 Feb 2024
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