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Topic Review
Modelling Ischaemic Stroke In Vitro
Most of the knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms of an ischaemic stroke is derived from animal-based in vitro and in vivo models. Over the past decades, different animal models of stroke have been developed, induced by emboli, intraluminal suture, photothrombosis or endothelin-1, typically in rodents. The rat is one of the most commonly used species in stroke research, among other reasons, due to the similarity of the cerebral vasculature and physiology with that of humans. Moreover, mice are often used, since they are helpful in unravelling the function of certain genes in the pathophysiology of stroke by means of the creation of transgenic mice. Animal stroke models have been an indispensable tool, as they can model different aspects of the complex pathophysiology of ischaemic stroke that cannot be modelled (yet) in simple in vitro models lacking intact blood vessels and blood flow. However, simplified, highly controlled in vitro systems are required and preferred when investigating specific basic mechanisms and cell type-specific responses under ischaemia-like conditions. Besides, in the context of testing potential neuroprotective compounds, working in vitro allows high-throughput screenings, even on a human-based background.
  • 783
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Connection between GUT Metabolome and Neurological Disorders
Scientific evidence indicates that the administration of probiotic bacteria exerts beneficial and protective effects as reduced systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, and inhibited neurodegeneration. The experimental results performed on animals, but also human clinical trials, show the importance of designing a novel microbiota-based probiotic dietary supplementation with the aim to prevent or ease the symptoms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases or other forms of dementia or neurodegeneration. The alterations of the gut microbiota, which are called dysbiosis, have been connected with the pathophysiology of numerous common diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, gastrointestinal diseases, and cardiovascular events. Dysbiosis state is also implicated in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders such as autism, and Alzheimer’s (AD) or Parkinson’s (PD) diseases.
  • 783
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Inositol’s Unproper Metabolism Impact on Neurodegenerative Process
One of the most common cyclitols found in eukaryotic cells - Myo-inositol (MI) and its derivatives play a key role in many cellular processes such as ion channel physiology, signal transduction, phosphate storage, cell wall formation, membrane biogenesis and osmoregulation.
  • 783
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Substance P and NK1 Receptors in TBI
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an acquired insult to the brain caused by external mechanical impact and/or acceleration forces that result in transient or permanent neurological dysfunction. Substance P is a member of the tachykinin protein family whose neuronal release after TBI plays a critical role in TBI pathophysiology, including the development of post-traumatic oedema, increased intracranial pressure, neuroinflammation, neuronal cell death, and neurodegeneration. Because substance P release after TBI is dependent on the intensity and frequency of injury-related mechanical stimulation, the degree and anatomical distribution of substance P receptor activation after TBI will vary with injury severity and frequency, resulting in different outcomes for different injuries.
  • 783
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
MRI Response Assessment in Glioblastoma Patients Treated
In order to compare responses to different therapies among clinical trials and to differentiate between therapy-induced changes and true tumor progression, reliable response parameters are crucial. MRI scans were evaluated using MacDonald, RANO, Vol-RANO, mRANO, Vol-mRANO and iRANO criteria. Tumor volumes (T1 contrast-enhancing as well as T2/FLAIR volumes) were calculated by semiautomatic segmentation.
  • 782
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Neuroimaging of Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects approximately 250 in 100,000 individuals globally, contributing to 30–50% of trauma-related mortalities, with adolescents, young adults, and the elderly being the most affected groups. Mild TBI (mTBI) constitutes 80% of TBI cases, impacting around 42 million people annually, and can result in neuropsychiatric outcomes, impaired functionality, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 782
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ketamine plus Alcohol
Drug abuse has become a public health concern. The misuse of ketamine, a psychedelic substance, has increased worldwide. In addition, the co-abuse with alcohol is frequently identified among misusers.
  • 780
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Neurodegenerative Disorders Characterized by Mitochondrial Involvement
Neurodegenerative diseases comprise a wide spectrum of pathologies characterized by progressive loss of neuronal functions and structures. Despite having different genetic backgrounds and etiology, many studies have highlighted a point of convergence in the mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration: mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been observed in different pathologies, and their detrimental effects on neurons contribute to the exacerbation of the pathological phenotype at various degrees.
  • 780
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Frontotemporal-TDP Neurocognitive Disorders
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) belongs to a heterogeneous group of highly complex neurodegenerative diseases and represents the second cause of presenile dementia in individuals under 65. Frontotemporal-TDP is a subgroup of frontotemporal dementia characterized by the aggregation of abnormal protein deposits, predominantly transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), in the frontal and temporal brain regions. These deposits lead to progressive degeneration of neurons resulting in cognitive and behavioral impairments. Limbic age-related encephalopathy (LATE) pertains to age-related cognitive decline primarily affecting the limbic system, which is crucial for memory, emotions, and learning.
  • 780
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Anticancer Drugs and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare progressive motor neuron disease that, due to its high complexity, still lacks effective treatments. Development of a new drug is a highly costly and time-consuming process, and the repositioning of approved drugs can represent an efficient strategy to provide therapeutic opportunities. This is particularly true for rare diseases, which are characterised by small patient populations and therefore attract little commercial interest. Based on the overlap between the biological background of cancer and neurodegeneration, the repurposing of antineoplastic drugs for ALS has been suggested.
  • 780
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Biogenesis and Expression of Corticosteroids in the Brain
Corticosteroids are the kinds of steroidal hormones that are either produced by the body or are artificially synthesized. The biosynthesis of these hormones occurs from cholesterol within the adrenal cortex site, which is also known as the primary site of several steroidogenic biosynthetic reactions.
  • 779
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Precision Medicine of Pituitary Adenomas
Pituitary adenomas is a type of brain tumor with diverse behaviors and complexities. About half of pituitary adenomas are known to secrete specific hormones, most frequently prolactin, growth hormone, or adrenocorticotropic hormone. Despite being histologically benign, these tumors can cause significant endocrine disturbances, leading to considerable morbidity and potentially shortening lifespan. Due to their pathophysiological endocrine secretion and proximity to critical neural and vascular structures, hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas require comprehensive management.
  • 779
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
CircRNAs  and RNA Editing in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable motor neuron disease caused by upper and lower motor neuron death. As aging is a major risk factor for ALS, age-related molecular changes may provide clues for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Dysregulation of age-dependent RNA metabolism plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of ALS. In addition, failure of RNA editing at the glutamine/arginine (Q/R) site of GluA2 mRNA causes excitotoxicity due to excessive Ca2+ influx through Ca2+-permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors, which is recognized as an underlying mechanism of motor neuron death in ALS. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a circular form of cognate RNA generated by back-splicing, are abundant in the brain and accumulate with age. Hence, they are assumed to play a role in neurodegeneration. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that age-related dysregulation of RNA editing and changes in circRNA expression are involved in ALS pathogenesis.
  • 778
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiological Responses of Astrocytes to Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an intracranial injury caused by accidents, falls, or sports. The production of endothelins (ETs) is increased in the injured brain. ET receptors are classified into distinct types, including ETA receptor (ETA-R) and ETB receptor (ETB-R). ETB-R is highly expressed in reactive astrocytes and upregulated by TBI. Activation of astrocytic ETB-R promotes conversion to reactive astrocytes and the production of astrocyte-derived bioactive factors, including vascular permeability regulators and cytokines, which cause blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, brain edema, and neuroinflammation in the acute phase of TBI. ETB-R antagonists alleviate BBB disruption and brain edema in animal models of TBI. The activation of astrocytic ETB receptors also enhances the production of various neurotrophic factors. These astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factors promote the repair of the damaged nervous system in the recovery phase of patients with TBI. 
  • 777
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Dopamine Signaling in Substantia Nigra
In-depth, the role of dopamine in locomotor function is discussed in aging and Parkinson's disease. It highlights the inherent differences in dopamine regulation within the nigrostriatal neuron in striatum as compared to substantia nigra. Given the copious amount of evidence of differential dopamine regulation between striatum and substantia nigra, dopamine signaling in the substantia nigra is as equally important, if not more so, in regulation of locomotor function. The ever increasing evidence that nigral dopamine can regulate locomotor function has recently come to light in the past 10 years, reigniting the efforts that began over 30 years ago since the first studies that reported such a role.
  • 777
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Analysis of Spinal Cord Injuries
The CatWalk system (CW) is an automated and exceptionally reliable system for assessing gait abnormalities and motor coordination. CW is a good tool for both studying improvements in the walking of animals after suffering a peripheral nerve and spinal cord lesion and to select the best therapies and procedures after tissue destruction, given that it provides objective and quantifiable data.
  • 776
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Major Depression
A major depressive disorder is a serious mental illness characterized by a pervasive low mood that negatively concerns personal life, work life, or education, affecting millions of people worldwide. Due to the complexity of the disease, the most common and effective treatments consist of a multi-therapy approach, including psychological, social, and pharmacological support with antidepressant drugs. Evidence has underlined the pivotal role of gut microbiota (GM) also in the regulation of their pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, through indirect or direct mechanisms. 
  • 775
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Community Occupational Therapists' Competencies in Neurorehabilitation
More than three million people in Chile suffer from neurological conditions, and many of these become permanent users of health services with a community approach. Interventions are essentially on a personal and microsocial level, focusing first on pathology and treatment, and later comprehending the interactions with a patient’s close social environment, such as family, schoolmates, and workmates and their physical environment at home, school, and the workplace. Although the final objective of community intervention is present in the discourse as being able to generate structural changes that favor well-being and social inclusion, concrete competencies are not appreciated on a macrosocial level.
  • 773
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Migraine
Preliminary but convergent findings suggest a role for microRNAs (miRNAs) in the generation and maintenance of chronic pain and migraine. Initial observations showed that serum levels of miR-382-5p and miR-34a-5p expression were increased in serum during the migraine attack, with miR-382-5p increasing in the interictal phase as well. By contrast, miR-30a-5p levels were lower in migraine patients compared to healthy controls. Of note, antimigraine treatments proved to be capable of influencing the expression of these miRNAs. Altogether, these observations suggest that miRNAs may represent migraine biomarkers, but several points are yet to be elucidated. A major concern is that these miRNAs are altered in a broad spectrum of painful and non-painful conditions, and thus it is not possible to consider them as truly “migraine-specific” biomarkers.  These miRNAs may represent useful tools to uncover and define different phenotypes across the migraine spectrum with different treatment susceptibilities and clinical features, although further studies are needed to confirm the hypothesis. In this narrative entry , an update and a critical analysis of available data on miRNAs and migraines was provided,  in order to propose possible interpretations. The main objective is to stimulate research in an area that holds promise when it comes to providing reliable biomarkers for theoretical and practical scientific advances.
  • 772
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pathogenesis in Multiple Sclerosis and B Cell Depletion
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that typically manifests with episodes of new/recurrent neurological symptoms (i.e., relapses) followed by either complete remission or residual disability (relapsing–remitting, RR, course). Recent evidence of effectiveness of B cell-depleting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in MS prompted a partial revisitation of the pathogenetic paradigm of the disease, which has been, so far, considered a T cell-mediated autoimmune disorder. Although mechanisms underlying the efficacy of B cell-depleting mAbs in MS are not fully elucidated, they likely involve the impairment of pleiotropic B cell functions different from antibody secretion, such as their role as antigen-presenting cells. A potential impact of B cell-depleting mAbs on inflammation compartmentalized within the central nervous system was also suggested, but little is known about the mechanism underlying this latter phenomenon. 
  • 771
  • 15 Aug 2022
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