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Topic Review
Chlamydia Infection
Chlamydia infection, often simply known as chlamydia, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Most people who are infected have no symptoms. When symptoms do develop this can take a few weeks following infection to occur. Symptoms in women may include vaginal discharge or burning with urination. Symptoms in men may include discharge from the penis, burning with urination, or pain and swelling of one or both testicles. The infection can spread to the upper genital tract in women causing pelvic inflammatory disease which may result in future infertility or ectopic pregnancy. Repeated infections of the eyes that go without treatment can result in trachoma, a common cause of blindness in the developing world. Chlamydia can be spread during vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth. The eye infections may also be spread by personal contact, flies, and contaminated towels in areas with poor sanitation. Chlamydia trachomatis only occurs in humans. Diagnosis is often by screening which is recommended yearly in sexually active women under the age of twenty five, others at higher risk, and at the first prenatal visit. Testing can be done on the urine or a swab of the cervix, vagina, or urethra. Rectal or mouth swabs are required to diagnose infections in those areas. Prevention is by not having sex, the use of condoms, or having sex with only one other person, who is not infected. Chlamydia can be cured by antibiotics with typically either azithromycin or doxycycline being used. Erythromycin or azithromycin is recommended in babies and during pregnancy. Sexual partners should also be treated and the infected people advised not to have sex for seven days and until symptom free. Gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV should be tested for in those who have been infected. Following treatment people should be tested again after three months. Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, affecting about 4.2% of women and 2.7% of men worldwide. In 2015 about 61 million new cases occurred globally. In the United States about 1.4 million cases were reported in 2014. Infections are most common among those between the ages of 15 and 25 and are more common in women than men. In 2015 infections resulted in about 200 deaths. The word "chlamydia" is from the Greek, χλαμύδα meaning "cloak".
  • 2.6K
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
High Pressure Macromolecular Crystallography
Since its introduction in the early 1970s, high pressure crystallography (HPX) has shown great potential for the investigation of different types of matter. Using diamond anvil cells, HPX is an emerging technique that has been rapidly implemented, making it available to biologists, and there is immense potential for utilizing this technique in biological systems in the future. At the molecular level, high-pressure crystallographic investigation provides information on structural characteristics that not only determine the native conformation of a protein but also the conformations with higher free-energy, thus revealing function-related structural changes and properties that can be modified as a result of pressurization. The increase in the number of crystal structures of different macromolecules determined under high pressure over the last five decades can be ascribed mainly to two factors: the emergence of high-pressure cells with very large, open angles, and the advent of third generation synchrotron sources. The use of high pressure crystallography as a research tool has been shown to contribute to the advancements in the basic fields of biochemistry (protein misfolding and aggregation), biophysics (protein stability), and biotechnology (food processing).
  • 2.6K
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Carina
Carina, Latin for "the keel" or "the hull," is a constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere. Representing the keel of the mythical ship Argo Navis, Carina is home to several notable celestial objects, including the second-brightest star in the night sky, Canopus. It is rich in nebulae, star clusters, and other deep-sky wonders.
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Piezoelectric Transducers Energy Conversion Network
Conversion between mechanical energy and electrical energy is critically important in industrial applications. Piezoelectric materials are unique for their ability in electric–mechanical transduction by applications of piezoelectric transducers that are usually spherical, cylindrical, or schistose. This topic review presents the most recent development of a piezoelectric transducers energy conversion network.
  • 2.6K
  • 31 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Go Variants
There are many variations of the simple rules of Go. Some are ancient digressions, while other are modern deviations. They are often side events at tournaments, for example, the U.S. Go Congress holds a "Crazy Go" event every year.
  • 2.6K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacological Properties Improvement by Engineering of Nisin
Nisin is a readily available and cheap lanthipeptide and thus serves as a good model in the search for the tools to engineer lantibiotics with improved pharmacological properties. There are basically two general means to obtain nisin analogs—protein engineering and chemical functionalization of this antibiotic. Although bioengineering techniques have been well developed and enable the creation of nisin mutants of variable structures and properties, they are lacking spectacular effects so far. Chemical modifications of nisin based on utilization of the reactivity of its free amino and carboxylic moieties, as well as reactivity of the double bonds of its dehydroamino acids, are in their infancy.
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Culture
Culture is the collective expression of a community's identity and represents the sum of its members' shared experiences. It encompasses both tangible and intangible elements, ranging from material artifacts and technology to language, rituals, and social norms. As a pervasive force, culture influences individual behaviors, shapes societal structures, and contributes to the diversity of human societies.
  • 2.6K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
STAT3 and p53
The tumor suppressor p53 is considered the “guardian of the genome” that can protect cells against cancer by inducing cell cycle arrest followed by cell death. However, STAT3 is constitutively activated in several human cancers and plays crucial roles in promoting cancer cell proliferation and survival. Hence, STAT3 and p53 have opposing roles in cellular pathway regulation, as activation of STAT3 upregulates the survival pathway, whereas p53 triggers the apoptotic pathway. Constitutive activation of STAT3 and gain or loss of p53 function due to mutations are the most frequent events in numerous cancer types. Several studies have reported the association of STAT3 and/or p53 mutations with drug resistance in cancer treatment. This review discusses the relationship between STAT3 and p53 status in cancer, the molecular mechanism underlying the negative regulation of p53 by STAT3, and vice versa. Moreover, it underlines prospective therapies targeting both STAT3 and p53 to enhance chemotherapeutic outcomes.
  • 2.6K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Art History
Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts; that is genre, design, format, and style. The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, and other decorative objects. As a term, art history (its product being history of art) encompasses several methods of studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to works of art and architecture. Aspects of the discipline overlap. As the art historian Ernst Gombrich once observed, "the field of art history [is] much like Caesar's Gaul, divided in three parts inhabited by three different, though not necessarily hostile tribes: (i) the connoisseurs, (ii) the critics, and (iii) the academic art historians". As a discipline, art history is distinguished from art criticism, which is concerned with establishing a relative artistic value upon individual works with respect to others of comparable style, or sanctioning an entire style or movement; and art theory or "philosophy of art", which is concerned with the fundamental nature of art. One branch of this area of study is aesthetics, which includes investigating the enigma of the sublime and determining the essence of beauty. Technically, art history is not these things, because the art historian uses historical method to answer the questions: How did the artist come to create the work?, Who were the patrons?, Who were his or her teachers?, Who was the audience?, Who were his or her disciples?, What historical forces shaped the artist's oeuvre, and how did he or she and the creation, in turn, affect the course of artistic, political, and social events? It is, however, questionable whether many questions of this kind can be answered satisfactorily without also considering basic questions about the nature of art. The current disciplinary gap between art history and the philosophy of art (aesthetics) often hinders this inquiry. Art history is not only a biographical endeavor. Art historians often root their studies in the scrutiny of individual objects. They thus attempt to answer in historically specific ways, questions such as: What are key features of this style?, What meaning did this object convey?, How does it function visually?, Did the artist meet their goals well?, What symbols are involved?, and Does it function discursively? The historical backbone of the discipline is a celebratory chronology of beautiful creations commissioned by public or religious bodies or wealthy individuals in western Europe. Such a "canon" remains prominent, as indicated by the selection of objects present in art history textbooks. Nonetheless, since the 20th century there has been an effort to re-define the discipline to be more inclusive of non-Western art, art made by women, and vernacular creativity.
  • 2.6K
  • 02 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Imaging Techniques in Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity
Adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is a disorder caused by repetitive overloading, which leads to progressive posterior tibialis tendon (PTT) insufficiency. It mainly affects middle-aged women and occurs with foot pain, malalignment, and loss of function. After clinical examination, imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis and management of this pathology. Imaging allows confirmation of the diagnosis, monitoring of the disorder, outcome assessment and complication identification. 
  • 2.6K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Fungal Pellets Towards Heavy Metals
The biosorption on fungal pellets is getting attention as an attractive water remediation technique, as it offers an enhanced biomass separation and a high resilience in severe environmental conditions. In this entry, biosorption capacity of fungal pellets towards heavy metals was reviewed. Available data about the adsorption capacity of pellets, their removal efficiency, and the operational conditions used were collected and synthesized. It was found that the biosorption of complex mixtures of pollutants on fungal pellets is scarcely studied, as well as the interfering effect of anions commonly found in water and wastewater. Furthermore, there is a lack of research with real wastewater and at pilot and large scale. These topics need to be further explored to take full advantage of fungal pellets on improving the quality of aquatic systems.
  • 2.6K
  • 04 May 2021
Topic Review
The Role of Polyploidy in the Human Body
Somatic polyploidy was found in the tissues of all multicellular organisms (including algae, mosses, lichens, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates), which points to its adaptive value. In human and warm-blooded animals, polyploidy can be a part of normal postnatal morphogenetic programs and can be a manifestation of response to pathological stimuli and diseases.
  • 2.6K
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Countries Dependent on the Bay of Bengal
The countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal include littoral and landlocked countries that depend on the Bay of Bengal for maritime usage. Historically, the Bay of Bengal has been a highway of transport, trade and cultural exchange between diverse peoples encompassing South Asia and Southeast Asia. Today, the Bay of Bengal region is the convergence of two major geopolitical blocs- the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multisectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) promotes regional engagement in the area. The Bay of Bengal countries are often categorized into a maritime subregion. The bay hosts vital shipping routes linking its littoral and landlocked hinterland with the Indian Ocean. Its sea bed is being explored and exploited for hydrocarbon reserves.
  • 2.6K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act
The Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act (CISA S. 2588 [113th Congress], S. 754 [114th Congress]) is a United States federal law designed to "improve cybersecurity in the United States through enhanced sharing of information about cybersecurity threats, and for other purposes". The law allows the sharing of Internet traffic information between the U.S. government and technology and manufacturing companies. The bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate on July 10, 2014, and passed in the Senate October 27, 2015. Opponents question CISA's value, believing it will move responsibility from private businesses to the government, thereby increasing vulnerability of personal private information, as well as dispersing personal private information across seven government agencies, including the NSA and local police. The text of the bill was incorporated by amendment into a consolidated spending bill in the U.S. House on December 15, 2015, which was signed into law by President Barack Obama on December 18, 2015.
  • 2.6K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Torque Ripple Reduction Design Methods
There are some phenomena that affect electric vehicle performance. One of those phenomena is the torque ripple of electric motors, which interferes with traction and the suspension system (causing vibration that stresses this system), and it can also introduce electric current harmonics into the battery, reducing its life, since torque ripple is partly a consequence of non-sinusoidal back EMF. For those reasons this is a topic worth investigating. The torque ripple of permanent magnets (PM) motors can be reduced in design or through control.
  • 2.6K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly called “drones”, are a class of aircraft that can fly without the onboard presence of pilots.  They vary in type (e.g. fixed wing vs. multi-rotor) and size (from a few grams to hundreds of kilograms).  These vehicles are intended for a variety of applications, including transport and logistics, monitoring and surveillance, and media and telecommunications.
  • 2.6K
  • 04 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Using Business Excellence Models to Achieve Corporate Sustainability
Sustainability is defined as the assurance that human needs are satisfied today without harming the ability to fulfill the needs of a future generation. In a similar vein, corporate sustainability can be defined as “the ability of firms to address the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs". The concept of sustainability includes three pillars: social, economic and environmental. Business Excellence Models (BEMs) are models used all over the world as a means of achieving and sustaining outstanding levels of organizational performance by improving the quality and management of their operations, and have been regarded to promote sustainable development.
  • 2.6K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting Application in Medical Devices
Biomedical devices gained widespread application in healthcare sectors due to the favourable feature of continuous monitoring of vital signals from the human body or apparent spurs from the internal body organs. RF (Radio Frequency) energy is a prominent integral block for wearable and implantable medical devices (IMDs) in sustaining the lifetime of the battery in use for an extended period, relaxing the need to change or recharge the battery frequently. This is enabled through the development and integration of ultra-low-power electronics, which decreases the power consumption of the primary sensor components to less than a milliwatt.
  • 2.6K
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Nanotube Metal Matrix Composites
Carbon nanotube metal matrix composites (CNT-MMC) are an emerging class of new materials that are being developed to take advantage of the high tensile strength and electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube materials. Critical to the realization of CNT-MMC possessing optimal properties in these areas are the development of synthetic techniques that are (a) economically producible, (b) provide for a homogeneous dispersion of nanotubes in the metallic matrix, and (c) lead to strong interfacial adhesion between the metallic matrix and the carbon nanotubes. Since the development of CNT-MMC is still in the research phase, the current focus is primarily on improving these latter two areas.
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Latina Stereotypes in Hip Hop
Beginning in the 1960s, hip hop music was centered around the ideas of cultural discourse in urban communities where Latinos and African Americans resided. Through this music, the lyrics quickly became misogynistic and violent in response to the way that these marginalized cultures viewed by mainstream society. Much of hip hop's beginnings can be traced back to the Bronx, New York, where the population consisted of mainly African-Americans and Latinos. During the 1960s and 1970s, New York City was in an economic slump. The conditions in the Bronx and other low income areas were substandard; issues facing the community included: insufficient housing, gang violence, and drugs. Blacks and Latinos came together to speak on their struggles, experiences, and lifestyles through hip hop. After recognizing these trends in hip hop/rap lyrics, mainstream media accredited hip hop culture with being inherently misogynistic. Due to the historic marginalization of Latinos and African Americans, the blame can be easily placed on hip hop artists for perpetuating this violent and masochistic culture. This is not something that is/was taken lightly by these communities of color; more rebellion through hip hop emerged. However, this movement did not attempt to fix the misogynistic elements of the music, and in turn, more women were being viewed as sexual objects within artist's works. Latinos, particularly Puerto Ricans, were at the forefront of the hip hop movement, however; they have often been forgotten in conversation. Nonetheless, we can see the presence and influence of Latinos in hip hop when we think about artist like: Africa Bambaataa & the members of the Zulu Nation (1960s), Latino DJ, DJ Disco Wiz (aka first Latino DJ in hip hop) & DJ Grandmaster Caz came together to form the Mighty Force (1974), DJ Charlie Chase of the Cold Crush Brothers (1975), Lee Quiñones & Lady Pink (1970s), and various others have allowed for Latinos to have a part in hip hop culture and hip hop history. Latina's also had a huge role in hip hop, women who were not on the hip hop stage take part in: the influence and making of music and hip hop performance, dancing of music, and graffiti art. Today we see Latinas like: La Caballota aka Ivy Queen (1995), Ana Bijoux (1995), Angie Martinez: "The Voice of New York" (1996), Hurricane G aka Gloria Rodriguez (1997), Mala Rodríguez (1990s), Lisa M: "The Queen of Spanish Rap" (1988), Nina Dioz (2009), Snow Tha Product aka Claudia Feliciano (2011), Mélony Redondo: MelyMel (2018) have been women who have all taken the stage and made their mark as Latina and Afro-Latina rappers/artist in the hip hop world.
  • 2.6K
  • 25 Nov 2022
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