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Topic Review
Optical Fibre Ethanol Sensors
Optical Fibre Sensors offer a novel and elegant solution to the problem of detection of ultra- low level ethanol concentration in fluids such as biofuels. A wide variety of optical methods exist for accurately determining ethanol concentration, even in the presence of potentially interfering contaminant species. Ethanol has become a key chemical, used in a growing number of modern industrial processes and consumer products. Its accurate measurement is therefore becoming an increasingly significant goal for stakeholders involved in future commercial development as well as academic research.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
FPGAs in Datacenter
FPGAs are considered as a competitive computational resource for two reasons, added performance and lower power consumption.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Energy Communities in Europe
The energy sector is undergoing a profound transformation at an exponential rate globally, moving from a “top-down vision of energy value chain with centralised production and rigid distribution framework, to a collaborative ecosystem of self-managed prosumers equipped with distributed energy resources and ability to act independently on liberalised energy markets”. This paradigm shift has already had an impact on the value chain of the market, leading to (1) a constant increase in the number of renewable energy sources (RES) in the system; (2) upgraded electrical transmission networks that offer higher intra- and cross-border energy exchange and (3) prosumer-rich distribution networks with high decentralised energy production. ECs are one of the tools that can allow citizens to be an active part of this energy paradigm.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Applications of the Smart Grid Served by 6G
A well-functioning smart grid is an essential part of an efficient and uninterrupted power supply for the key enablers of smart cities. To effectively manage the operations of a smart grid, there is an essential requirement for a seamless wireless communication system that provides high data rates, reliability, flexibility, massive connectivity, low latency, security, and adaptability to changing needs.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Electrification of Transportation in Islands
Electric vehicles (EVs) represent an important socio-economic development opportunity for islands and remote locations because they can lead to reduced fuel imports, electricity storage, grid services, and environmental and health benefits. This entry presents an overview of opportunities, challenges, and examples of EVs in islanded power systems, and is meant to provide background to researchers, utilities, energy offices, and other stakeholders interested in the impacts of electrification of transportation. The impact of uncontrolled EV charging on the electric grid operation is discussed, as well as several mitigation strategies.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Online Ageing Detection in Transformer Oil
Transformers play an essential role in power networks, ensuring that generated power gets to consumers at the safest voltage level. However, they are prone to insulation failure from ageing, which has fatal and economic consequences if left undetected or unattended. Traditional detection methods are based on scheduled maintenance practices that often involve taking samples from in situ transformers and analysing them in laboratories using several techniques. This conventional method exposes the engineer performing the test to hazards, requires specialised training, and does not guarantee reliable results because samples can be contaminated during collection and transportation. Researchers review the transformer oil types and some traditional ageing detection methods, including breakdown voltage (BDV), spectroscopy, dissolved gas analysis, total acid number, interfacial tension, and corresponding regulating standards. In addition, a review of sensors, technologies to improve the reliability of online ageing detection, and related online transformer ageing systems. A non-destructive online ageing detection method for in situ transformer oil is a better alternative to the traditional offline detection method. Moreover, when combined with the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence, a prescriptive maintenance solution emerges, offering more advantages and robustness than offline preventive maintenance approaches
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Flexible Sensors for Blood Pressure Monitoring
Flexible sensors have been extensively employed in wearable technologies for physiological monitoring given the technological advancement in recent years. Conventional sensors made of silicon or glass substrates may be limited by their rigid structures, bulkiness, and incapability for continuous monitoring of vital signs, such as blood pressure (BP). Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have received considerable attention in fabrication of flexible sensors due to their large surface area-to-volume ratio, high electrical conductivity, cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and lightweight.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cyber Secure Smart Inverters
The technological advancements in the smart inverter technology were handled, comprehensively keeping the distribution level end user in mind. Since the smart inverter constitutes the most significant aspect of power conversion, control and regulation and acts as the interface between the utility and consumer, the vulnerabilities of the same when subjected to cyber attacks are highlighted in detail. Communication also forms a vital aspect as it is bi-directional (between the utility and consumer and vice-versa) in a smart grid platform. Therefore, the different standards of communication and rules along with the co-ordination aspects are elucidated in detail. The topological configuration of smart inverters under wired and wireless topologies are also handled, to give a better understanding with respect to the choice and selection of the same, keeping the end-user perspective in mind. Security being the key area of concern, the different types of cyber attacks that are prevalent and can be detected and identified is explained in detail. In addition, the role of the synchrophasor technology in state estimation, monitoring and detection of faults is demonstrated. Considering, the solar PV-based DER as an end-use application, the importance of newer technologies related to IoT and block chain with respect to the cyber security aspects of the smart grid is brought forth. This domain is of continuing importance and concern and still has several challenges to overcome. Keeping this in mind, the existing gaps and future directions are also presented.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Silicon and Silicon Carbide Recrystallization by Laser Annealing
Modifying material properties within a specific spatial region is a pivotal stage in the fabrication of microelectronic devices. Laser annealing emerges as a compelling technology, offering precise control over the crystalline structure of semiconductor materials and facilitating the activation of doping ions in localized regions. This obviates the necessity for annealing the entire wafer or device. 
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence-Based Methods in Power Distribution Networks
Following to a short-circuit fault in distribution networks, the fault should be located and isolated before restoring the supply. A fast and accurate fault location method can help to improve the continuity of supply considerably. In general, the distribution-network fault location methods can be categorized into impedance-based methods, state estimation-based methods, traveling wave-based methods, and artificial intelligence-based (AI-based) methods.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Lockout-Tagout
Lockout-tagout (LOTO) or lock and tag is a safety procedure which is used in industry and research settings to ensure that dangerous machines are properly shut off and not able to be started up again prior to the completion of maintenance or repair work. It requires that hazardous energy sources be "isolated and rendered inoperative" before work is started on the equipment in question. The isolated power sources are then locked and a tag is placed on the lock identifying the worker who placed it. The worker then holds the key for the lock ensuring that only he or she can remove the lock and start the machine. This prevents accidental startup of a machine while it is in a hazardous state or while a worker is in direct contact with it. Lockout-tagout is used across industries as a safe method of working on hazardous equipment and is mandated by law in some countries.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Circular Connector
The term Circular Connector applies to any electrical connector possessing multipin interconnects with cylindrical contact housings and circular contact interface geometries. Circular connectors are selected for ease of engagement and disengagement, their ability to conveniently house different types of contacts, their wide range of allowable contact voltages and currents, their ease of environmental sealing and their rugged mechanical performance. In military, aerospace, and other high-reliability applications, the MIL-DTL-5015 and MIL-DTL-38999 are among the most commonly specified types. The primary disadvantage of the circular design is loss of panel space when used in arrays when compared to rectangular connectors.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tesla Valve Microfluidics
The Tesla valve (TV), a valvular conduit invented by Nicola Tesla over a century ago, has recently acquired significant attention and application in various fields because of the growing interest in microfluidics and nanofluidics. The unique architecture of TV characterized by an asymmetrical design and an arc-shaped channel has long been an intriguing yet underrated design for building a passive component in a microfluidic system. While previously regarded as a technology without significant use, TV structures have been implemented in thermal manipulation fluidics, micromixers and micropumps, benefitting the advancement of urgently demanding technology in various areas, such as in biomedical diagnostics through wearable electronics and medical instruments, lab on a chip, chemosensors and in application toward sustainable technology manifested in fuel cell devices.
  • 1.0K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Charging Electric Vehicles Today and in the Future
It is expected that more vehicles will be electrified in the coming years. This will require reliable access to charging infrastructure in society, and the charging will include data exchange between different actors. This suggests a variety of future charging strategies, charging patterns, system types, and charging infrastructures to match the specific vehicle- and user requirements. The electricity available for EV charging locally can be generated to the grid from fossil fuels, nuclear power, or renewable energy sources (RES), such as hydropower. 
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
3D Placement of a New Tethered UAV
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become an essential component in many wireless communication systems because of their rapid deployment, mobility, and flexibility.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Political-Optimizer-Based Energy-Management System for Microgrids
A fitting solution to the sustainable-development conundrum is the microgrid. It can also be seen as a concept that is partly responsible for the changes in the topology of the power system. A microgrid is consisted of renewable energy sources such as solar PV panels, a micro-hydro power plant, a fuel cell with a hydrogen storage tank and a Li-ion storage unit.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
A Review of Lunar Communications and Antennas
Over the previous two decades, a notable array of space exploration missions have been initiated with the primary aim of facilitating the return of both humans and robots from Earth to the moon. The significance of these endeavors cannot be emphasized enough as numerous entities, both public and private, from across the globe have invested substantial resources into this pursuit. Researchers have committed their efforts to addressing the challenges linked to lunar communication. Even with all of these efforts, only a few of the many suggested designs for communication and antennas on the moon have been evaluated and compared. These designs have also not beenshared with the scientific community. To bridge this gap in the existing body of knowledge, this paper conducts a thorough review of lunar surface communication and the diverse antenna designs employed in lunar communication systems. This paper provides a summary of the findings presented in lunar surface communication research while also outlining the assorted challenges that impact lunar communication. Apart from various antenna designs reported in this field, based on their intended usage, two additional classifications are introduced: (a) mission-based antennas—utilized in actual lunar missions—and (b) research-based antennas—employed solely for research purposes. Given the critical need to comprehend and predict lunar conditions and antenna behaviors within those conditions, this review holds immense significance. Its relevance is particularly pronounced in light of the numerous upcoming lunar missions that have been announced.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Fiber Optic Sensors
The last decade has seen rapid developments in the areas of carbon fiber technology, additive manufacturing technology, sensor engineering, i.e., wearables, and new structural reinforcement techniques. These developments, although from different areas, have collectively paved way for concrete structures with non-corrosive reinforcement and in-built sensors. This effort bridges the gap between civil engineering and sensor engineering communities through an overview on the up-to-date technological advances in both sectors, with a special focus on textile reinforced concrete embedded with Fiber Optic Sensors (FOSs). These have advantages over alternative concepts, such as, immunity to electromagnetic interference or light weight. The former is an important aspect for some civil infrastructure, i.e., railways where the lines are electrified. Thus, there has been in depth research on the feasibility and deployment of FOSs for SHM purposes. The characteristics desired for the ideal FOS for strain measurement in civil structures would include: adequate sensitivity and dynamic range; linear response; sensitivity to the direction of measurand field change; being single-ended, i.e., to minimize the number of leads; insensitivity to thermal fluctuations; non-perturbativity to the structure; immunity to power interruptions; ability to multiplex; ease of mass production, and durability for the entire lifetime of the structure.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Conservation Voltage Reduction in Modern Power Systems
Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) is a potentially effective and efficient technique for inertia synthesis and frequency support in modern grids comprising power electronics (PE)-based components, aiming to improve dynamic stability. In conventional power systems with synchronous generators, CVR utilization strategies aiming to conserve energy are split into two broad categories namely, open-loop and closed-loop techniques. Electromechanical voltage regulating devices, such as on-load tap changers (OLTCs), line drop compensators, and capacitor banks, are used to utilize CVR through open-loop procedures without measuring the voltage as a feedback signal. 
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Radio-Frequency Technologies and Microelectromechanical Systems
Electronic performance and tracking systems (EPTS) and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) allow the measurement of training load (TL) and collective behavior in team sports so that match performance can be optimized. Despite the frequent use of radio-frequency (RF) technology (i.e.,global positioning navigation systems (GNSS) global positioning systems (GPS)) and, local position systems (LPS)) and MEMS in sports research, there is no protocol that must be followed, nor are there any set guidelines for evaluating the quality of the data collection process in studies. Thus, this study aims to suggest a survey based on previously used protocols to evaluate the quality of data recorded by RF technology and MEMS in team sports.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Oct 2020
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