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Topic Review
LRRK2 and Lipid Pathways
Genetic alterations in the LRRK2 gene, encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, are a common risk factor for Parkinson’s disease. How LRRK2 alterations lead to cell pathology is an area of ongoing investigation, multiple lines of evidence suggest a role for LRRK2 in lipid pathways. It is increasingly recognized that in addition to being energy reservoirs and structural entities, some lipids, including neural lipids, participate in signaling cascades. Early investigations revealed that LRRK2 localized to membranous and vesicular structures, suggesting an interaction of LRRK2 and lipids or lipid-associated proteins. LRRK2 substrates from the Rab GTPase family play a critical role in vesicle trafficking, lipid metabolism and lipid storage, all processes which rely on lipid dynamics. In addition, LRRK2 is associated with the phosphorylation and activity of enzymes that catabolize plasma membrane and lysosomal lipids. Furthermore, LRRK2 knockout studies have revealed that blood, brain and urine exhibit lipid level changes, including alterations to sterols, sphingolipids and phospholipids, respectively. In human LRRK2 mutation carriers, changes to sterols, sphingolipids, phospholipids, fatty acyls and glycerolipids are reported in multiple tissues.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Epitranscriptomics to Improve ICB-Efficacy by Targeting CISH
Epitranscriptomics has contributed greatly to the clinico-biological practices due to its diverse role in regulating at the post-transcriptional and translational levels. Epitranscriptomics is generally referred to chemical modifications in the RNA molecule without changing the nucleotide sequence. So far, more than 160 chemical modifications have been identified; playing a crucial role in regulating various biological processes, for example, in acute myeloid leukemia treatment, lung adenocarcinoma, gastric cancer and broad range tumor types.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Natural Killer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer
Cancer is the second leading contributor to global deaths caused by non-communicable diseases. The cancer cells are known to interact with the surrounding non-cancerous cells, including the immune cells and stromal cells, within the tumor microenvironment (TME) to modulate the tumor progression, metastasis and resistance. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the standard treatments for cancers. A new generation of immunotherapy using natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T-lymphocytes or macrophages was developed to achieve tumor-specific targeting and circumvent the adverse effects.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Sarcopenia and Approaches
Sarcopenia, an age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, dramatically affects the quality of life. Although there is a consensus that sarcopenia is a multifactorial syndrome, the etiology and underlying mechanisms are not yet delineated. Moreover, research about nutritional interventions to prevent the development of sarcopenia is mainly focused on the amount and quality of protein intake. The impact of several nutrition strategies that consider timing of food intake, anti-inflammatory nutrients, metabolic control, and the role of mitochondrial function on the progression of sarcopenia is not fully understood. This narrative review summarizes the metabolic background of this phenomenon and proposes an integral nutritional approach (including dietary supplements such as creatine monohydrate) to target potential molecular pathways that may affect reduce or ameliorate the adverse effects of sarcopenia. Lastly, miRNAs, in particular those produced by skeletal muscle (MyomiR), might represent a valid tool to evaluate sarcopenia progression as a potential rapid and early biomarker for diagnosis and characterization. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The MAL Protein
The MAL gene encodes a 17-kDa protein containing four putative transmembrane segments whose expression is restricted to human T cells, polarized epithelial cells and myelin-forming cells. It organizes condensed membranes to make them functional in specialized pathways of membrane trafficking and cell signaling.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Doxorubicin-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Cardiotoxicity has emerged as a major side effect of doxorubicin (DOX) treatment, affecting nearly 30% of patients within 5 years after chemotherapy. Heart failure is the first non-cancer cause of death in DOX-treated patients. 
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Ferroptosis and Pre-Eclampsia Therapy
Iron is essential for cell survival, and iron deficiency is a known risk factor for many reproductive diseases. Paradoxically, such disorders are also more common in cases of iron overload. Here, the researchers evaluated the role of ferroptosis in women’s health, particularly focusing on pre-eclampsia (PE). PE is a multisystem disorder and is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, especially when the condition is of early onset. Nevertheless, the exact etiological mechanism of PE remains unclear. Interestingly, ferroptosis, as a regulated iron-dependent cell death pathway, involves a lethal accumulation of lipid peroxides and shares some characteristics with PE pathophysiology. 
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Doublecortin
Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule associated protein, essential for correct central nervous system development and lamination in the mammalian cortex. It has been demonstrated to be expressed in developing but not in mature neurons. The teleost visual system is an ideal model to study mechanisms of adult neurogenesis due to its continuous life-long growth. Immunohistochemical, in silico, and western blot analysis to detect the DCX protein in the visual system of teleost fish are described here.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Structure and Function of Peroxiredoxin IV
Peroxiredoxin IV (Prx4) is a 2-Cysteine peroxidase with ubiquitous expression in human tissues. Prx4 scavenges hydrogen peroxide and participates in oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, Prx4 is secreted outside the cell. Prx4 is upregulated in several cancers and is a potential therapeutic target. Here, the resarchers have summarized the structure and function of Prx4. Oxidative stress is known to activate pro-inflammatory pathways. Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for cancer development. Hence, redox enzymes such as Prx4 are important players in the crosstalk between inflammation and cancer. Understanding molecular mechanisms of regulation of Prx4 expression and associated signaling pathways in normal physiological and disease conditions should reveal new therapeutic strategies. Although Prx4 is a promising therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases and cancer, further research needs to be conducted to bridge the gap to clinical application. 
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
BRCA1 in Centrosome Regulation
Breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) is a tumor suppressor associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and forms a heterodimer with BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1). Centrosomes are the major microtubule-organizing centers in animal cells and are critical for the formation of a bipolar mitotic spindle. BRCA1 and BARD1 localize to the centrosome during the cell cycle, and the BRCA1/BARD1 dimer ubiquitinates centrosomal proteins to regulate centrosome function.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs
The mammalian transcriptome is highly complex and includes a large number of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Here, the biogenesis pathways of the three classes of sncRNAs, namely short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are discussed. These ncRNAs have been extensively studied and are involved in pathways leading to specific gene silencing and the protection of genomes against virus and transposons, for example. Also, lncRNAs have emerged as pivotal molecules for the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression which is supported by their tissue-specific expression patterns, subcellular distribution, and developmental regulation.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
CRISPR Screen
Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen provides a robust and unbiased means for interrogating such genes, and a series of landmark reports since its introduction in 2014 have demonstrated that the technology yields high-quality functional hits. This technology, in combination with other orthogonal methods for studying protein function on a systems scale, can provide valuable functional insights that would take years to establish using conventional methods.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cysteine Modification in Aurora Kinase A
Aurora kinase A (AURKA), which is a member of serine/threonine kinase family, plays a critical role in regulating mitosis. AURKA has drawn much attention as its dysregulation is critically associated with various cancers, leading to the development of AURKA inhibitors, a new class of anticancer drugs. As the spatiotemporal activity of AURKA critically depends on diverse intra- and inter-molecular factors, including its interaction with various protein cofactors and post-translational modifications, each of these pathways should be exploited for the development of a novel class of AURKA inhibitors other than ATP-competitive inhibitors. 
  • 1.0K
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Lymphocytes in Brief
Lymphocytes are a vital class of white blood cells that serve as the backbone of the immune system. These small yet powerful cells play a pivotal role in defending the body against infections, viruses, and other foreign invaders. Lymphocytes come in two main types: B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells), each with distinct functions. B cells are the architects of humoral immunity, producing antibodies that can recognize and neutralize specific pathogens. They originate in the bone marrow and mature there, eventually differentiating into plasma cells that churn out antibodies. T cells, on the other hand, are central to cell-mediated immunity, a critical defense mechanism against intracellular threats like viruses. They mature in the thymus gland and include helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and memory T cells, each with specialized roles. Lymphocytes undergo complex developmental processes, ensuring they can identify invaders while avoiding attacks on the body's own cells. Their functions span innate and adaptive immunity, making them essential for maintaining health and responding to diseases. From protecting against infections to enabling vaccination and driving cutting-edge cancer treatments, lymphocytes are indispensable to our well-being, and ongoing research promises to unlock even more of their potential.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Assessing Myocardial Architecture
Myocardial architecture and cardiac function are closely linked. Hence, the anatomy of the heart and the cellular construction of the myocardium has been the focus of research for centuries. Traditionally, histology has been the method of choice, but owing to its two-dimensional nature, this technique fails to visualise the myocardial mass in its entirety. It has long been recognised that the myocardium is a highly complex three-dimensional syncytium, thus it is preferable to investigate its architecture using tools capable of representing this three-dimensionality. Such tools have been provided in the shape of diffusion tensor imaging, computed tomography, confocal microscopy and ultrasound, with diffusion tensor imaging and computed tomography being the most prevalent and valid methods for quantifying myocardial architecture in three dimensions.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Possible Role of Kiss1/GPR54 System in Skeletal Muscle
The skeletal muscle is the storage organ for muscle glycogen and the most prominent motor organ of an organism. Consequently, the relationship between the skeletal muscle and energy metabolism cannot be ignored during physical activities, especially during exercise. The Kiss1/GPR54 system is a multifunctional genetic system with an essential role in regulating energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. Expression of Kiss1 and GPR54 mRNAs can be detected in skeletal muscle of some mammals. However, the Kiss1/GPR54 system in skeletal muscles has not been thoroughly studied. Researchers have proposed the speculation on the possible role of the kiss1 /GPRS4 system in skeletal muscle in association with exercise performance.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
RNA-Binding Protein Rbm24
Rbm24 (RNA-binding motif protein 24) is an evolutionarily conserved RBP that contains a single RNA recognition motif (RRM) at its N-terminal region [13–15]. It exhibits strongly restricted tissue-specific expression patterns during vertebrate development [16], and emerges as an important regulator of cellular differentiation and a potential factor implicated in human disease. Rbm24 gene exhibits strongly conserved expression in the somites, heart, lens and otic vesicle of all vertebrate embryos. It is involved in different aspects of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, including pre-mRNA alternative splicing, mRNA stability and polyadenylation. Knockout of this gene in mice and zebrafish causes severe developmental defects, such as heart malformations, cataract formation and hearing deficits.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Muscle Stem Cells
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are essential for muscle growth, maintenance and repair. Skeletal musculature is one of the largest organs of the human body, comprising more than 600 muscles that enable body motion. Deciphering the molecular and cellular features of the MuSC would provide novel insights into their regenerative potential and to improve therapeutic strategies. Drosophila has proven to be a suitable model to study MuSC and offers a combination of genetics, live imaging and genomics approaches to uncover general principles governing MuSC biology in vivo.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
CAR T-Cells
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cells are T lymphocytes that have been specifically engineered to target malignant cells. CARs are synthetic molecules designed to activate T cells in response to a specific antigen, mimicking T cell activation through the T cell receptor (TCR) and associated costimulatory molecules.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Alcoholic Liver Disease
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a globally prevalent chronic liver disease caused by chronic or binge consumption of alcohol. However, the therapeutic efficiency of current therapies for ALD is limited, and there is no FDA-approved therapy for ALD at present. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising candidate for ALD treatment and have been tested in several clinical trials. MSC-released factors have captured attention, as they have the same therapeutic function as MSCs. 
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Jan 2023
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