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Topic Review
Anticancer Potential of Avicennia marina
Avicennia marina has been recently recognized as a potential source of natural substances with therapeutic activities for anti-cancer treatment. A. marina beneficially supplies different chemical compounds, including cyclic triterpenoids, flavonoids, iridoids, naphtaquinones, polyphenols, polysaccharides, and steroids, most of them exhibiting potent antitumor activity. The in vivo and in vitro studies on different models of solid tumors demonstrated its dose-dependent activity. Moreover, the possibility to formulate the A. marina extracted molecules in nanoparticles allowed researchers to ameliorate the therapeutic outcome of treatments exploiting improved selectivity toward cancer cells, thus reducing the side effects due to nonspecific spread.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
How Climate Affects Wood Formation
Climate conditions are the first of many variables that influence how trees produce wood, resulting in the annual wood-forming rhythm [9]. Temperature and photoperiod influence cambium reactivation and secondary xylem production.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plants
Daily UV-supplementation during the plant fruiting stage of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growing indoors may produce fruits with higher nutraceutical value and better acceptance by consumers. However, it is important to ensure that the plant’s performance during this stage is not compromised by the UV supplement. We studied the impact of UV-A (1 and 4 h) and UV-B (2 and 5 min) on the photosynthesis of greenhouse-grown tomato plants during the fruiting/ripening stage. After 30 d of daily irradiation, UV-B and UV-A differently interfered with the photosynthesis. UV-B induced few leaf-necrotic spots, and effects are more evidenced in the stimulation of photosynthetic/protective pigments, meaning a structural effect at the Light-Harvesting Complex. UV-A stimulated flowering/fruiting, paralleled with no visible leaf damages, and the impact on photosynthesis was mostly related to functional changes, in a dose-dependent manner. Both UV-A doses decreased the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), the effective efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII), and gas exchange processes, including net carbon assimilation (PN). Transcripts related to Photosystem II (PSII) and RuBisCO were highly stimulated by UV supplementation (mostly UV-A), but the maintenance of the RuBisCO protein levels indicates that some protein is also degraded. Our data suggest that plants supplemented with UV-A activate adaptative mechanisms (including increased transcription of PSII peptides and RuBisCO), and any negative impacts on photosynthesis do not compromise the final carbohydrate balances and plant yield, thus becoming a profitable tool to improve precision agriculture.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Scorzonera L.
Scorzonera L. is a genus in the Cichorieae tribe of the Asteraceae family.  It is spread mostly in central and southern parts of Europe, Eurasia, and Africa in arid areas. The genus comprises approximately 180–190 species.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Function, Expression and Applications of AtGluR Genes
Arabidopsis thaliana contains 20 glutamate receptor genes (AtGluR) comparable to the human ionotropic glutamate (iGluRs) receptor. Many studies have proved that AtGluR genes are involved in a number of plant growth and physiological activities, such as in the germination of seeds, roots, abiotic and biotic stress, and cell signaling, which clarify the place of these genes in plant biology.
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Jasmonate
Temperature is a critical environmental factor that plays a vital role in plant growth and development. Temperatures below or above the optimum ranges lead to cold or heat stress, respectively. Temperature stress retards plant growth and development, and it reduces crop yields. Jasmonates (JAs) are a class of oxylipin phytohormones that play various roles in growth, development, and stress response.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
DNA Methylation in Algae and Abiotic Stress Responses
DNA methylation is one of the most conserved epigenetic mechanisms, playing a pivotal role in organism response to several biotic and abiotic stressors. Indeed, stress can induce changes in gene expression through hypo- or hyper-methylation of DNA at specific loci and/or in DNA methylation at the genome-wide level, which has an adaptive significance and can direct genome evolution. Exploring DNA methylation in responses to abiotic stress could have important implications for improving stress tolerance in algae.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Propolis Polyphenols
Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees that exhibits antimicrobial, immunostimulatory and antioxidant activity. Its use is common in functional foods, cosmetics and traditional medicine despite the fact that it demonstrates low extraction yields and inconsistency in non-toxic solvents. In this work, a new encapsulation and delivery system consisting of liposomes and cyclodextrins incorporating propolis polyphenols has been developed and characterized. The antioxidant, antimutagenic and antiaging properties of the system under normal and UVB-induced oxidative stress conditions were investigated in cultured skin cells and/or reconstituted skin model. Furthermore, the transcript accumulation for an array of genes involved in many skin-related processes was studied. The system exhibits significant polyphenol encapsulation efficiency, physicochemical stability as well as controlled release rate in appropriate conditions. The delivery system can retain the anti-mutagenic, anti-oxidative and anti-ageing effects of propolis polyphenols to levels similar and comparable to those of propolis methanolic extracts, making the system ideal for applications where non-toxic solvents are required and controlled release of the polyphenol content is desired.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Electron Transport Pathway Components
All plants contain an alternative electron transport pathway (AP) in their mitochondria, consisting of the alternative oxidase (AOX) and type 2 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (ND) families, that are thought to play a role in controlling oxidative stress responses at the cellular level. These alternative electron transport components have been extensively studied in plants like Arabidopsis and stress inducible isoforms identified, but we know very little about them in the important crop plant chickpea. Previously we demonstrated AOX  activity in purified mitochondria from chickpea, identified the genes that encode the AOX isoforms and analysed their relative transcript levels. Here we do the same for NDs, and also explore the response of all AP gene transcripts to salinity stress in leaves of chickpea cultivars differing in their salinity response. A coordinated up-regulation of particular AP genes suggests that the mitochondrial alternative pathway of respiration is an important facet of the stress response in chickpea, in high Na accumulators in particular, despite high capacities for both of these activities in leaf mitochondria of non-stressed chickpeas.
  • 999
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Plant's Immunity and Circadian Rhythms
The circadian clock is an endogenous time keeping mechanism found in living organisms and their respective pathogens. Numerous studies demonstrate that rhythms generated by this internal biological oscillator regulate and modulate most of the physiological, developmental, and biochemical processes of plants. Importantly, plant defence responses have also been shown to be modulated by the host circadian clock and vice versa.
  • 998
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
The New Green Challenge in Urban Planning
The creation of green areas within urban centers was born as a response to profoundly different problems, such as the demographic increase and the progressive urbanization of landscapes. Moreover, up to date, the genetics of plants has not been considered for urban contexts. Considering the multitude of urban contexts, purposes, and needs for which green spaces in cities are created, it is today very challenging to provide an exhaustive definition of ‘urban area’ and its relative ‘urban vegetation’, since the geographic, climatic, and resource-related opportunities, and constraints, are not equally distributed factors across the world and specific for each context. Furthermore, urban vegetation can also include cultural plant typology with agricultural interest related to food production, such as the horticultural species.
  • 998
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Domains of Unknown Function in Plant Biotic
Domain of unknown function (DUF) is a general term for many uncharacterized domains with two distinct features: relatively conservative amino acid sequence and unknown function of the domain. In the Pfam 35.0 database, 4795 (24%) gene families belong to the DUF type, yet, their functions remain to be explored. 
  • 997
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Irrigation Management on Wheat Physiology, Yield, and Quality
Irrigation has been pivotal in sustaining wheat as a major food crop in the world and is increasingly important as an adaptation response to climate change. In the context of agricultural production responding to climate change, improved irrigation management plays a significant role in increasing water productivity (WP) and maintaining the sustainable development of water resources. Considering that wheat is a major crop cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions, which consumes high amounts of irrigation water, developing wheat irrigation management with high efficiency is urgently required. Both irrigation scheduling and irrigation methods intricately influence wheat physiology, affect plant growth and development, and regulate grain yield and quality. 
  • 996
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Candida and anti-candidal plant compounds
Fungi from the genus Candida are very important human and animal pathogens. Many strains can produce biofilms, which inhibit the activity of antifungal drugs and increase the tolerance or resistance to them as well. 
  • 995
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Proanthocyanidins in Major Cash Crops
Proanthocyanidins (PAs), or condensed tannins, are oligomeric or polymeric end-products of flavonoid metabolism, starting from the central phenylpropanoid pathway. PAs are brown-pigmented and present in the seed coats or seeds, fruits, bark, and leaves of a wide range of plant species, including important cash crops, such as apples, grapes, soybeans, common beans, cereals, and most berries. These phytochemicals are brown-pigmented, increase plant resistance to herbivory, and protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses, such as pathogens, insect attacks, and ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation.
  • 993
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Achillea moschata Wulfen
Achillea moschata Wulfen (Asteraceae) is a suffruticose chamaephyte. It is endemic to the Alpine region and grows between 1400 m and over 3000 m a.s.l. on cliffs, stony ground, and moraines, exclusively on silica. It is known by various common and vernacular names, including erba iva, taneda, daneda, and aneda. The decoction of its flower heads, which represents the drug, is traditionally used to treat digestive tract disorders. The balsamic time coincides with anthesis (July–August).
  • 991
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Lignocellulolytic Microorganisms in Cereal Crop Residue Decomposition
The global escalation in cereal production, essential to meet growing population demands, simultaneously augments the generation of cereal crop residues, estimated annually at approximately 3107 × 106 Mg/year. Among different crop residue management approaches, returning them to the soil can be essential for various ecological benefits, including nutrient recycling and soil carbon sequestration. However, the recalcitrant characteristics of cereal crop residues pose significant challenges in their management, particularly in the decomposition rate. Microorganisms employ a range of mechanisms, such as the utilization of different enzymes that work in combination, to initiate oxidative attacks on plant litter. Consequently, this serves to reduce the recalcitrance of the lignocellulosic material, hence facilitating subsequent action by depolymerizing enzymes. Both fungi and bacteria have received increased attention for their ability to secrete a diverse range of lignocellulolytic enzymes.
  • 990
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Cowpea Cultivation Constraints and Breeding in Europe
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is a legume with a constant rate of cultivation in Southern European countries. Consumer demand for cowpea worldwide is rising due to its nutritional content, while Europe is attempting to reduce the deficit in the production of pulses and invest in new, healthy food market products. Cultivation and utilization of cowpea plant genetic resources (PGRs), including landraces, in breeding programmes with the implementation of classical and modern breeding techniques could promote sustainability of cropping systems and alleviate the negative effects of climate change.
  • 987
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cat’s Claw
Cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schults) DC.), a plant that is exceptionally rich in phytochemicals, has been used for centuries by the indigenous people of South and Central America as a therapeutic and is currently widely exported for medicinal purposes
  • 986
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Enhancing Horticultural Crops through Genome Editing
Genome editing has emerged as a powerful tool for accelerating crop improvement in horticultural crops by enabling precise modifications to their genetic makeup.
  • 985
  • 10 Aug 2023
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