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Topic Review
Secondary Metabolites of Sarraceniaceae Family
Carnivorous plants have fascinated researchers and hobbyists for centuries because of their mode of nutrition which is unlike that of other plants. They are able to produce bioactive compounds used to attract, capture and digest prey but also as a defense mechanism against microorganisms and free radicals. Darlingtonia, Heliamphora and Sarracenia plants are rich in compounds with potential pharmaceutical and medical uses. These belong to several classes such as flavonoids, with flavonol glycosides being the most abundant, monoterpenes, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, fatty acids, alkaloids and others. Some of them are well characterized in terms of chemical properties and biological activity and have widespread commercial applications. Sarraceniaceae species contain numerous substances with the potential to advance health. 
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Wildflowers of Soldiers Delight
The Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area, consists of about 1,900 acres (7.7 km2) of land in Owings Mills, Maryland, USA. Much of the area of Soldiers Delight contains a serpentine barren that contains a number of rare and endangered species of plants. The following list of herbaceous plants is based greatly on the work of Ed Uebel and comes from the publications by Fleming et al. 1995, Monteferrante 1973, Reed 1984, Wennerstrom 1995, and the unpublished data by Worthley 1955-1985.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Enhancing Horticultural Crops through Genome Editing
Genome editing has emerged as a powerful tool for accelerating crop improvement in horticultural crops by enabling precise modifications to their genetic makeup.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Protein-Based Biostimulants
Protein-based biostimulants (PBBs) are derived from the hydrolysis of protein-rich raw materials of plant and/or animal origins, usually by-products or wastes from agro-industries. The active ingredients (AIs) produced by hydrolysis have the capacity to influence physiological and metabolic processes in plants, leading to enhanced growth, nutrient and water-use efficiency, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and improved crop yield and quality.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
How Climate Affects Wood Formation
Climate conditions are the first of many variables that influence how trees produce wood, resulting in the annual wood-forming rhythm [9]. Temperature and photoperiod influence cambium reactivation and secondary xylem production.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Full-Length Transcriptome of Purslane
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) first came from India and Iran and has spread around the world. It is a warm-climate, juicy annual plant spread around the world, belonging to the Portulacaceae family.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Irrigation Management on Wheat Physiology, Yield, and Quality
Irrigation has been pivotal in sustaining wheat as a major food crop in the world and is increasingly important as an adaptation response to climate change. In the context of agricultural production responding to climate change, improved irrigation management plays a significant role in increasing water productivity (WP) and maintaining the sustainable development of water resources. Considering that wheat is a major crop cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions, which consumes high amounts of irrigation water, developing wheat irrigation management with high efficiency is urgently required. Both irrigation scheduling and irrigation methods intricately influence wheat physiology, affect plant growth and development, and regulate grain yield and quality. 
  • 1.0K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Achillea moschata Wulfen
Achillea moschata Wulfen (Asteraceae) is a suffruticose chamaephyte. It is endemic to the Alpine region and grows between 1400 m and over 3000 m a.s.l. on cliffs, stony ground, and moraines, exclusively on silica. It is known by various common and vernacular names, including erba iva, taneda, daneda, and aneda. The decoction of its flower heads, which represents the drug, is traditionally used to treat digestive tract disorders. The balsamic time coincides with anthesis (July–August).
  • 1.0K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
DNA Methylation in Algae and Abiotic Stress Responses
DNA methylation is one of the most conserved epigenetic mechanisms, playing a pivotal role in organism response to several biotic and abiotic stressors. Indeed, stress can induce changes in gene expression through hypo- or hyper-methylation of DNA at specific loci and/or in DNA methylation at the genome-wide level, which has an adaptive significance and can direct genome evolution. Exploring DNA methylation in responses to abiotic stress could have important implications for improving stress tolerance in algae.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Heavy Metal in Plants
Molecules that possess at least one atom of oxygen and have unpaired electrons are referred to as reactive oxygen species (ROS). These contain singlet hydroxyl, oxygen, and hydroperoxyl radicals. ROS are formed due to the incomplete decomposition of molecular oxygen like hydroxyl radicals (OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide radical anion (O2−), and ozone (O3).
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Anticancer Potential of Avicennia marina
Avicennia marina has been recently recognized as a potential source of natural substances with therapeutic activities for anti-cancer treatment. A. marina beneficially supplies different chemical compounds, including cyclic triterpenoids, flavonoids, iridoids, naphtaquinones, polyphenols, polysaccharides, and steroids, most of them exhibiting potent antitumor activity. The in vivo and in vitro studies on different models of solid tumors demonstrated its dose-dependent activity. Moreover, the possibility to formulate the A. marina extracted molecules in nanoparticles allowed researchers to ameliorate the therapeutic outcome of treatments exploiting improved selectivity toward cancer cells, thus reducing the side effects due to nonspecific spread.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Plant's Immunity and Circadian Rhythms
The circadian clock is an endogenous time keeping mechanism found in living organisms and their respective pathogens. Numerous studies demonstrate that rhythms generated by this internal biological oscillator regulate and modulate most of the physiological, developmental, and biochemical processes of plants. Importantly, plant defence responses have also been shown to be modulated by the host circadian clock and vice versa.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plants
Daily UV-supplementation during the plant fruiting stage of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growing indoors may produce fruits with higher nutraceutical value and better acceptance by consumers. However, it is important to ensure that the plant’s performance during this stage is not compromised by the UV supplement. We studied the impact of UV-A (1 and 4 h) and UV-B (2 and 5 min) on the photosynthesis of greenhouse-grown tomato plants during the fruiting/ripening stage. After 30 d of daily irradiation, UV-B and UV-A differently interfered with the photosynthesis. UV-B induced few leaf-necrotic spots, and effects are more evidenced in the stimulation of photosynthetic/protective pigments, meaning a structural effect at the Light-Harvesting Complex. UV-A stimulated flowering/fruiting, paralleled with no visible leaf damages, and the impact on photosynthesis was mostly related to functional changes, in a dose-dependent manner. Both UV-A doses decreased the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), the effective efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII), and gas exchange processes, including net carbon assimilation (PN). Transcripts related to Photosystem II (PSII) and RuBisCO were highly stimulated by UV supplementation (mostly UV-A), but the maintenance of the RuBisCO protein levels indicates that some protein is also degraded. Our data suggest that plants supplemented with UV-A activate adaptative mechanisms (including increased transcription of PSII peptides and RuBisCO), and any negative impacts on photosynthesis do not compromise the final carbohydrate balances and plant yield, thus becoming a profitable tool to improve precision agriculture.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects of plants
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic and is posing a serious challenge to mankind. As per the current scenario, there is an urgent need for antiviral that could act as a protective and therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2. Plants are a good source of natural medication and an alternative to antibiotic treatment because the excessive use of antibiotics is responsible for drug resistance. Secondly, the main advantage of using plants is that they are economically efficient, have high scalability and safety because the plants can be cultivated in a very low amount, and they also do not support the growth of human pathogens. Plants have produced a large range of antivirals lectins, including griffithsin, cyanovirin and cyanovirin-N-fusion proteins, and also the transgenic rice lines that express griffithsin and cyanovirin-N in the seeds, with or without antibody 2G12. Medicinal plants may be a good source of antivirals, but the accurate dosage and plant parts that have medicinal properties, such as root, shoot, etc., should be known prior to the consumption; otherwise, the adverse effect could also exist.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Lignocellulolytic Microorganisms in Cereal Crop Residue Decomposition
The global escalation in cereal production, essential to meet growing population demands, simultaneously augments the generation of cereal crop residues, estimated annually at approximately 3107 × 106 Mg/year. Among different crop residue management approaches, returning them to the soil can be essential for various ecological benefits, including nutrient recycling and soil carbon sequestration. However, the recalcitrant characteristics of cereal crop residues pose significant challenges in their management, particularly in the decomposition rate. Microorganisms employ a range of mechanisms, such as the utilization of different enzymes that work in combination, to initiate oxidative attacks on plant litter. Consequently, this serves to reduce the recalcitrance of the lignocellulosic material, hence facilitating subsequent action by depolymerizing enzymes. Both fungi and bacteria have received increased attention for their ability to secrete a diverse range of lignocellulolytic enzymes.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Direct Embryos in Cultured Anthers
Cassava is one of the most important sources of energy. To meet the growing demand, genetic improvement is of utmost importance. Its cross-pollinating nature limits the opportunity of exploitation of hybrid vigour and demands the development of homozygous lines through doubled-haploid technologies. The problems in callus mediated embryogenesis such as longer processing time and genetically unstable nature can be overcome by direct embryogenesis. Conditions to produce embryos directly from microspores in cultured anthers were optimized. The optimum stress pre-treatment condition was 40°C for 6 h after culturing the anthers in to the induction medium. For pro-embryo formation, 2% sucrose and 5 mg/l 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or 1 mg/l 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid were optimum. Globular embryos were formed by sub-culturing pro-embryos into the medium with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D and 5 mg/l 6-Benzylaminopurine after two weeks of culturing. Light microscopy of cultured anthers demonstrated the formation of multicellular structures and their further development into pro-embryos. Microscopic studies showed pro-embryos emerging through the damaged anther wall.  Mono-allelic banding in Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) analysis indicated homozygous or haploid state in some of the originated embryos. The conditions optimized in this study were effective in early development of direct embryos after two weeks of culture initiation.  This is the first report of formation of direct embryos in cultured anthers of cassava.  
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Function, Expression and Applications of AtGluR Genes
Arabidopsis thaliana contains 20 glutamate receptor genes (AtGluR) comparable to the human ionotropic glutamate (iGluRs) receptor. Many studies have proved that AtGluR genes are involved in a number of plant growth and physiological activities, such as in the germination of seeds, roots, abiotic and biotic stress, and cell signaling, which clarify the place of these genes in plant biology.
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
CICA-17 Quinoa
Quinoa may be a promising alternative solution for arid regions, and it is necessary to test yield and mineral accumulation in grains under different soil types. Field experiments with Chenopodium quinoa (cv. CICA-17) were performed in Egypt in non-saline (electrical conductivity, 1.9 dS m−1) and saline (20 dS m−1) soils. Thirty-four chemical elements were studied in these crops. Results show different yields and mineral accumulations in the grains. Potassium (K), P, Mg, Ca, Na, Mn, and Fe are the main elements occurring in the quinoa grains, but their concentrations change between both soil types. Besides, soil salinity induced changes in the mineral pattern distribution among the different grain organs. Sodium was detected in the pericarp but not in other tissues. Pericarp structure may be a shield to prevent sodium entry to the underlying tissues but not for chloride, increasing its content in saline conditions. Under saline conditions, yield decreased to near 47%, and grain sizes greater than 1.68 mm were unfavored. Quinoa may serve as a complementary crop in the marginal lands of Egypt. It has an excellent nutrition perspective due to its mineral content and has a high potential to adapt to semi-arid and arid environments.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Propolis Polyphenols
Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees that exhibits antimicrobial, immunostimulatory and antioxidant activity. Its use is common in functional foods, cosmetics and traditional medicine despite the fact that it demonstrates low extraction yields and inconsistency in non-toxic solvents. In this work, a new encapsulation and delivery system consisting of liposomes and cyclodextrins incorporating propolis polyphenols has been developed and characterized. The antioxidant, antimutagenic and antiaging properties of the system under normal and UVB-induced oxidative stress conditions were investigated in cultured skin cells and/or reconstituted skin model. Furthermore, the transcript accumulation for an array of genes involved in many skin-related processes was studied. The system exhibits significant polyphenol encapsulation efficiency, physicochemical stability as well as controlled release rate in appropriate conditions. The delivery system can retain the anti-mutagenic, anti-oxidative and anti-ageing effects of propolis polyphenols to levels similar and comparable to those of propolis methanolic extracts, making the system ideal for applications where non-toxic solvents are required and controlled release of the polyphenol content is desired.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Domains of Unknown Function in Plant Biotic
Domain of unknown function (DUF) is a general term for many uncharacterized domains with two distinct features: relatively conservative amino acid sequence and unknown function of the domain. In the Pfam 35.0 database, 4795 (24%) gene families belong to the DUF type, yet, their functions remain to be explored. 
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Mar 2023
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