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Topic Review
Bird Technologies
Bird provides radio frequency communication products, services, calibration and training for the public security, cellular networks, broadcasting, semiconductor, military, government and medical industries. Bird's product portfolio includes spectrum analyzers, antenna and cable testers, power sensors, power meters and monitors, wattmeters, attenuators, terminations and loads, cellular repeaters, signal boosters, distributed antenna systems (DAS), RF streaming solutions, RF signal generation, and RF software analysis tools. The company's core market segments are Coverage Enhancement, Off Air Testing, M2M Sensors and Test & Measurement. Bird sells its products online, as well as through a network of distributors and sales representatives worldwide.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Technologies of Combined Heat and Power Production
The combined hot heat and power (CHHP) terminology adopted nowadays is more representative than the CHP that was designated at the end of 19th century, the first combination of useful effects of the electricity production based on the thermomechanical engine industry. The two useful effects of CHHP, electricity and heat, are differentiated by priority, together with the corresponding first law efficiency expressions.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Occurrence of Bearing Currents in Electric Machines
In electrical machines, there are numerous negative phenomena of a destructive nature. The constructors of electrical machines try to limit these phenomena and/or minimize their negative effects. One such phenomenon in electrical machines is the occurrence of bearing voltages and currents. Despite their simple structure, the bearings are susceptible to damage to the raceway surface and rolling elements. Even small traces and imperfections of these surfaces may cause a serious failure resulting in the bearing being excluded from further operation.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Smart Distribution Network Situation Awareness
Due to the rapid development of emerging information and communication technologies (ICT) and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), distribution networks are in an evolvement from passive to active distribution networks (ADN), also called smart distribution networks (SDN). Operation and maintenance (O&M) cost is an economic factor that the SDN management must consider. Among multiple O&M technologies, situation awareness (SA) emerges and is gradually integrated into the SDN. Facing a high proportion of RES, adequate monitoring, analysis, and prediction of the SDN operating status are urgent. Therefore, comprehensive SA, which contains detection, comprehension, and projection, becomes a significant guarantee for the optimal operation of SDN.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Wind Energy Harvesting and Conversion Systems
Wind energy harvesting for electricity generation has a significant role in overcoming the challenges involved with climate change and the energy resource implications involved with population growth and political unrest. Indeed, there has been significant growth in wind energy capacity worldwide with turbine capacity growing significantly. This confidence is echoed in the wind power market and global wind energy statistics. However, wind energy capture and utilisation has always been challenging. Appreciation of the wind as a resource makes for difficulties in modelling and the sensitivities of how the wind resource maps to energy production results in an energy harvesting opportunity. An opportunity that is dependent on different system parameters, namely the wind as a resource, technology and system synergies in realizing an optimal wind energy harvest.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Open Radio Access Networks
The open radio access network (RAN) aims to bring openness and intelligence to the traditional closed and proprietary RAN technology and offer flexibility, performance improvement, and cost-efficiency in the RAN’s deployment and operation.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Noise in Electric Motors
Electric machines are important devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and are extensively used in a wide range of applications.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Integration of RESs and EVs in Power Systems
Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a promising green technology for mitigating environmental impacts. However, their widespread adoption has significant implications for management, monitoring, and control of power systems. The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs), commonly referred to as green energy sources or alternative energy sources, into the network infrastructure is a sustainable and effective approach to addressing these matters.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Cyber Secure Smart Inverters
The technological advancements in the smart inverter technology were handled, comprehensively keeping the distribution level end user in mind. Since the smart inverter constitutes the most significant aspect of power conversion, control and regulation and acts as the interface between the utility and consumer, the vulnerabilities of the same when subjected to cyber attacks are highlighted in detail. Communication also forms a vital aspect as it is bi-directional (between the utility and consumer and vice-versa) in a smart grid platform. Therefore, the different standards of communication and rules along with the co-ordination aspects are elucidated in detail. The topological configuration of smart inverters under wired and wireless topologies are also handled, to give a better understanding with respect to the choice and selection of the same, keeping the end-user perspective in mind. Security being the key area of concern, the different types of cyber attacks that are prevalent and can be detected and identified is explained in detail. In addition, the role of the synchrophasor technology in state estimation, monitoring and detection of faults is demonstrated. Considering, the solar PV-based DER as an end-use application, the importance of newer technologies related to IoT and block chain with respect to the cyber security aspects of the smart grid is brought forth. This domain is of continuing importance and concern and still has several challenges to overcome. Keeping this in mind, the existing gaps and future directions are also presented.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cow Behavioural Activities in Extensive Farms
Animal welfare is becoming an increasingly important requirement in the livestock sector to improve, and therefore raise, the quality and healthiness of food production. By monitoring the behaviour of the animals, such as feeding, rumination, walking, and lying, it is possible to understand their physical and psychological status. Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) tools offer a good solution to assist the farmer in managing the herd, overcoming the limits of human control, and to react early in the case of animal health issues. The entry highlights a key concern that occurs in the design and validation of IoT-based systems created for monitoring grazing cows in extensive agricultural systems, since they have many more, and more complicated, problems than indoor farms. In this context, the most common concerns are related to the battery life of the devices, the sampling frequency to be used for data collection, the need for adequate service connection coverage and transmission range, the computational site, and the performance of the algorithm embedded in IoT-systems in terms of computational cost. 
  • 1.0K
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Energy Sources for Microgrid Energy Management
Renewable energy sources are a viable choice to satisfy rising energy consumption and promote the advancement of sustainable development. These systems are integrated into microgrids using a variety of technological solutions to ensure customer communication and distributed generation facilities in an optimal way. Energy management in microgrids refers to the information and control system that provides the necessary functionality to guarantee that the generating and distribution systems produce energy at the lowest expenses. 
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
FPGAs in Datacenter
FPGAs are considered as a competitive computational resource for two reasons, added performance and lower power consumption.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Multi-Microgrid Architectures
Several issues of individual microgrids (MGs) such as voltage and frequency fluctuations mainly due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources’ (RESs) power production can be mitigated by interconnecting multiple MGs and forming a multi-microgrid (MMG) system. MMG systems improve the reliability and resiliency of power systems, increase RESs’ utilization, and provide cost-efficient power to the consumers. 
  • 1.0K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Theory and Application of Zero Trust Security
As cross-border access becomes more frequent, traditional perimeter-based network security models can no longer cope with evolving security requirements. Zero trust is a novel paradigm for cybersecurity based on the core concept of “never trust, always verify”. It attempts to protect against security risks related to internal threats by eliminating the demarcations between the internal and external network of traditional network perimeters. Nevertheless, research on the theory and application of zero trust is still in its infancy, and more extensive research is necessary to facilitate a deeper understanding of the paradigm in academia and the industry.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Energy Communities in Europe
The energy sector is undergoing a profound transformation at an exponential rate globally, moving from a “top-down vision of energy value chain with centralised production and rigid distribution framework, to a collaborative ecosystem of self-managed prosumers equipped with distributed energy resources and ability to act independently on liberalised energy markets”. This paradigm shift has already had an impact on the value chain of the market, leading to (1) a constant increase in the number of renewable energy sources (RES) in the system; (2) upgraded electrical transmission networks that offer higher intra- and cross-border energy exchange and (3) prosumer-rich distribution networks with high decentralised energy production. ECs are one of the tools that can allow citizens to be an active part of this energy paradigm.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Extremely Fast Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles
The charging station is useful in this interest to make the EVs functional. It is up to the general customer to adopt EVs and the utility grid to inject more renewables into grid so that the energy EV draws is clean. But fast charging stations are rarely found at home.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Optical Fibre Ethanol Sensors
Optical Fibre Sensors offer a novel and elegant solution to the problem of detection of ultra- low level ethanol concentration in fluids such as biofuels. A wide variety of optical methods exist for accurately determining ethanol concentration, even in the presence of potentially interfering contaminant species. Ethanol has become a key chemical, used in a growing number of modern industrial processes and consumer products. Its accurate measurement is therefore becoming an increasingly significant goal for stakeholders involved in future commercial development as well as academic research.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Online Ageing Detection in Transformer Oil
Transformers play an essential role in power networks, ensuring that generated power gets to consumers at the safest voltage level. However, they are prone to insulation failure from ageing, which has fatal and economic consequences if left undetected or unattended. Traditional detection methods are based on scheduled maintenance practices that often involve taking samples from in situ transformers and analysing them in laboratories using several techniques. This conventional method exposes the engineer performing the test to hazards, requires specialised training, and does not guarantee reliable results because samples can be contaminated during collection and transportation. Researchers review the transformer oil types and some traditional ageing detection methods, including breakdown voltage (BDV), spectroscopy, dissolved gas analysis, total acid number, interfacial tension, and corresponding regulating standards. In addition, a review of sensors, technologies to improve the reliability of online ageing detection, and related online transformer ageing systems. A non-destructive online ageing detection method for in situ transformer oil is a better alternative to the traditional offline detection method. Moreover, when combined with the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence, a prescriptive maintenance solution emerges, offering more advantages and robustness than offline preventive maintenance approaches
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lockout-Tagout
Lockout-tagout (LOTO) or lock and tag is a safety procedure which is used in industry and research settings to ensure that dangerous machines are properly shut off and not able to be started up again prior to the completion of maintenance or repair work. It requires that hazardous energy sources be "isolated and rendered inoperative" before work is started on the equipment in question. The isolated power sources are then locked and a tag is placed on the lock identifying the worker who placed it. The worker then holds the key for the lock ensuring that only he or she can remove the lock and start the machine. This prevents accidental startup of a machine while it is in a hazardous state or while a worker is in direct contact with it. Lockout-tagout is used across industries as a safe method of working on hazardous equipment and is mandated by law in some countries.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Electrification of Transportation in Islands
Electric vehicles (EVs) represent an important socio-economic development opportunity for islands and remote locations because they can lead to reduced fuel imports, electricity storage, grid services, and environmental and health benefits. This entry presents an overview of opportunities, challenges, and examples of EVs in islanded power systems, and is meant to provide background to researchers, utilities, energy offices, and other stakeholders interested in the impacts of electrification of transportation. The impact of uncontrolled EV charging on the electric grid operation is discussed, as well as several mitigation strategies.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Aug 2021
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