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Topic Review
Senescence and Anticancer Therapies
Senescence is generally considered as a process of tumor suppression, both by preventing cancer cells proliferation and inhibiting cancer progression.  It can also be a key effector mechanism for many types of anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, both directly and through bioactive molecules released by senescent cells that can stimulate an immune response. There is a possibility that a combination of prosenescence therapy—which targets tumor cells and causes their senescence—with senotherapy—which targets senescent cells, can be promising in cancer treatment.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lithium as a Promising Anticancer Agent
Lithium is a therapeutic cation used to treat bipolar disorders but also has some important features as an anti-cancer agent. Lithium formulations such as lithium acetoacetate (LiAcAc), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium citrate (Li3C6H5O7), and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) induce apoptosis, autophagy, and inhibition of tumor growth and also participate in the regulation of tumor proliferation, tumor invasion, and metastasis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, lithium is synergistic with standard cancer therapies, enhancing their anti-tumor effects. In addition, lithium has a neuroprotective role in cancer patients, by improving their quality of life. Interestingly, nano-sized lithium enhances its anti-tumor activities and protects vital organs from the damage caused by lipid peroxidation during tumor development.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Innate Immunity in Breast Cancer
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens and has a major role in clearing transformed cells, besides its essential role in activating the adaptive immune system. Macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, and granulocytes are part of the innate immune system that accumulate in the tumor microenvironment such as breast cancer (BC). These cells induce inflammation in situ by secreting cytokines and chemokines that promote tumor growth and progression, in addition to orchestrating the activities of other immune cells. In breast cancer microenvironment, innate immune cells are skewed towards immunosuppression that may lead to tumor evasion. However, the mechanisms by which immune cells could interact with breast cancer cells are complex and not fully understood. Therefore, the importance of the mammary tumor microenvironment in the development, growth, and progression of cancer is widely recognized. With the advances of using bioinformatics and analyzing data from gene banks, several genes involved in NK cells of breast cancer individuals have been identified.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Microbiota Modulation in Cancer Survivors
Chemotherapy, targeting not only malignant but also healthy cells, causes many undesirable side effects in cancer patients. Interventions and supportive care for treatment-induced late effects remain an emerging area of research in long-term cancer survivors. Due to the lack of preventive measures and approved pharmacological agents, different possibilities in preventing or mitigating the late toxicities need to be assessed. Targeting the gut microbiome in cancer survivors might represent a new potential trend being in its infancy to date. Gut microbiota disruption after chemo- and radiotherapy can be recovered by several mechanisms including administration of probiotics and/or prebiotics and FMT. Interestingly, the relationship between diet, physical activity, and gut microbiome appears to be another potential tool in cancer survivors. However, most of the data dealing with neuro- and cardioprotective effects of microbiota modulation came from preclinical and non-cancer patients´ clinical studies, and further evaluations in cancer patients are highly warranted.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells in Colorectal Cancer
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs)  are intact cells separated from the primary tumor or metastases and released into the peripheral circulation. They were observed and discovered for the first time in 1869 in the blood of a patient with breast cancer. CTCs mainly originate from solid tumors of epithelial origin (breast, prostate, colon, and lung). CTCs are nucleated and express epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) and/or cytokeratins (CK) in the cytoplasm without coexpressing the common leukocyte antigen CD45. It is known today that there is significant heterogeneity in cell species and surface markers, which represents a challenge in isolating all clinically relevant subpopulations of CTCs.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bone Metastasis
       The following paragraph resumes and accurately describes the process of metastasis, focusing on the breast to bone one. We will briefly illustrate the composition of the pre-metastatic niche and explain the involment of healthy bone cells in the metastasis establishment. This short intro is extracted from a review article which aim is to discuss the current available 3D models used to study the metastasis process.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
First-Line Randomized Clinical Trials of ALK-Is
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation amounts to around 3–7% of all non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). The clinical features of ALK+ NSCLC are an adenocarcinoma histology, younger age, limited smoking history, and brain metastases. The activity of chemotherapy and immunotherapy is modest in ALK+ disease. Several randomized trials have proven that ALK inhibitors (ALK-Is) have greater efficacy with respect to platinum-based chemotherapy and that second/third generation ALK-Is are better than crizotinib in terms of improvements in median progression-free survival and brain metastases management.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Natural Products and Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. Though several natural products have been reported regarding their efficacies against cervical cancer, there has been no review article that categorized them according to their anti-cancer mechanisms. In this study, anti-cancerous natural products against cervical cancer were collected using Pubmed (including Medline) and google scholar, published within three years. Their mechanisms were categorized as induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, inhibition of metastasis, reduction of resistance, and regulation of miRNAs. A total of 64 natural products suppressed cervical cancer. Among them, Penicillium sclerotiorum extracts from Cassia fistula L., ethanol extracts from Bauhinia variegate candida, thymoquinone obtained from Nigella sativa, lipid-soluble extracts of Pinellia pedatisecta Schott., and 1′S-1′-acetoxychavicol extracted from Alpinia conchigera have been shown to have multi-effects against cervical cancer. In conclusion, natural products could be attractive candidates for novel anti-cancer drugs.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Pyroptotic Cell Death Pathways
Cancer is a category of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade other parts of the body. Chemotherapy is the most widely used first-line treatment for multiple forms of cancer. Chemotherapeutic agents act via targeting the cellular apoptotic pathway. However, cancer cells usually acquire chemoresistance, leading to poor outcomes in cancer patients. For that reason, it is imperative to discover other cell death pathways for improved cancer intervention. Pyroptosis is a new form of programmed cell death that commonly occurs upon pathogen invasion. Pyroptosis is marked by cell swelling and plasma membrane rupture, which results in the release of cytosolic contents into the extracellular space. Currently, pyroptosis is proposed to be an alternative mode of cell death in cancer treatment. Accumulating evidence shows that the key components of pyroptotic cell death pathways, including inflammasomes, gasdermins and pro-inflammatory cytokines, are involved in the initiation and progression of cancer. Interfering with pyroptotic cell death pathways may represent a promising therapeutic option for cancer management. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive type of cancer with an incidence of about 15% among lung cancers and has a very poor prognosis due to its rapid development of resistance to chemo- and radiotherapies. Unlike the increase in personalized approaches to the clinical care of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), clinical protocols for SCLC still mainly depend on the stage of the disease, prior therapies, and lack of specific molecular support. This approach was mainly due to the idea of SCLC as a monolithic entity with common genetic features, which was strictly linked to the lack of an adequate quantity of tissue samples in this inoperable class of patients, for the lack of a clear and comprehensive biological profile presented an obstacle.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
R1 Resection of LIver Metastas in Colorectal Cancer
 Achieving an R0 hepatic resection, optimally with more than 1 mm of clear margin, should always be the goal. In the era of the aggressive multimodality treatment of liver metastatic colorectal cancer, an R1 resection might be the cost of increasing the pool of patients finally eligible for resection. The majority of literature reports have highlighted the detrimental effect of R1 resections on local recurrence and overall survival. There are indeed studies that degraded the prognostic handicap as a consequence of an R1 resection in selected patients and highlighted the presence of RAS mutations, the response to chemotherapy, and, in general, factors that reflect the biology of the disease as important, if not the determinant, prognostic factors. In these patients, the aggressive disease biology seems to outperform the resection margin status as a prognostic factor, and the recorded differences between R1 and R0 resections are equalized.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Canine Mammary Cancer
Mammary tumors are the most frequent neoplasia in female dogs. They develop spontaneous cancer and share several biological, clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics with cancer diagnosed in humans. Mammary cancer is also one of the leading causes of death in both species. 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Physical Exercise Restrains Cancer Progression through Muscle-Derived Factors
A growing body of in vitro and in vivo studies suggests that physical activity offers important benefits against cancer, in terms of both prevention and treatment. However, the exact mechanisms implicated in the anticancer effects of exercise remain to be further elucidated. Muscle-secreted factors in response to contraction have been proposed to mediate the physical exercise-induced beneficial effects and be responsible for the inter-tissue communications. Specifically, myokines and microRNAs (miRNAs) constitute the most studied components of the skeletal muscle secretome that appear to affect the malignancy, either directly by possessing antioncogenic properties, or indirectly by mobilizing the antitumor immune responses. Moreover, some of these factors are capable of mitigating serious, disease-associated adverse effects that deteriorate patients’ quality of life and prognosis.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Obesity and Immunometabolic Changes in Adipose Tissue
White adipose tissue (WAT) represents an endocrinologically and immunologically active tissue whose primary role is energy storage and homeostasis. Breast WAT is involved in the secretion of hormones and proinflammatory molecules that are associated with breast cancer development and progression.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Systemic Chemotherapy for Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer (GC) is a molecularly heterogeneous disease. Its molecular background, epidemiology, and standard of care are quite different between Eastern and Western countries. Many efforts have been made in developing more effective surgeries and adjuvant chemotherapies for resectable GC in each region. Recently, an intensive combination of cytotoxic agents has been established as a new standard of adjuvant treatment. Meanwhile, palliative chemotherapy is a uniform standard treatment for unresectable GC worldwide. Recently, one of the most remarkable advances in therapy for unresectable GC has been the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The use of ICIs as frontline treatment is currently being investigated. In addition, novel combinations of ICIs and targeted drugs are being evaluated in clinical trials. Despite these advances, the complex biology of GC has resulted in the failure of targeted therapies, with the exceptions of HER2-targeted trastuzumab and VEGFR2-targeted ramucirumab. GC harbors many redundant oncogenic pathways, and small subsets of tumors are driven by different specific pathways. Therefore, a combination strategy simultaneously inhibiting several pathways and/or stricter patient selection for better response to targeted drugs are needed to improve clinical outcomes in this field.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Antigen Targeted Therapy for LS
Lynch syndrome (LS) and constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) are hereditary disorders which significantly increase a person’s risk of developing a variety of cancers such as colorectal, endometrial, brain and, for CMMRD also, haematological malignancies. This increased cancer risk is due to inherited mutations in specific types of DNA repair genes, which hampers repair of mispaired or damaged bases during DNA replication. As a consequence, somatic mutations rapidly accumulate and typically include insertions and deletions (indels) in microsatellites that potentially can give rise to neoantigens. These neoantigens open up avenues for neoantigen-targeting immune therapies.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Neurodevelopmental Consequences of Pediatric Cancer
Cognitive impairment is frequent in pediatric cancer, and behavioral and psychological disturbances often also affect children who have survived cancer problems. Furthermore, pediatric tumors are also often associated with sleep disorders. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Lateralized and Segmental Overgrowth in Children
Lateralized overgrowth (LO), or segmental overgrowth, is defined as an increase in tissue growth of various origins (skeletal, muscular, fibrous, vascular, adipose, or any association of these) in any region of the body.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignancy and the seventh leading cause of global cancer deaths in industrialised countries. More than 80% of patients suffer from significant weight loss at diagnosis and over time tend to develop severe cachexia. A major cause of weight loss is malnutrition. Patients may experience pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) before diagnosis, during nonsurgical treatment, and/or following surgery. PEI is difficult to diagnose because testing is cumbersome. Consequently, PEI is often detected clinically, especially in non-specialised centres, and treated empirically.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Diet/Nutrition for Cancer Survivors with Chronic Pain
Chronic pain in cancer survivors is related to obesity, malnutrition, nutritional deficiency, diet quality, immune system, systemic inflammation, and gut microbiota. As seen clearly, dietary interventions may provide weight reduction, a healthy body weight, good diet quality, regulations in systemic inflammation and immune system, and a healthy gut microbiota environment that could modify aforementioned pain-related pathways/mechanisms. For that reason, nutrition might have the potential to transition from being only prevention for cancer recurrence or cancer itself to a modality for chronic pain management for cancer survivors.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Feb 2022
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