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Topic Review
Endothelial Function Evaluation on Pregnant COVID-19 Patients
Pregnancy with SARS-CoV-2 infection can raise the risk of many complications, including severe COVID-19 and maternal–fetal adverse outcomes. Additionally, endothelial damage occurs as a result of direct SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as immune system, cardiovascular, and thrombo-inflammatory reactions. The endothelium is the key regulator of vascular homeostasis, as it determines vascular tone, smooth muscle cell proliferation, vessel wall inflammation, and platelet aggregation.
  • 718
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Time-Use and Mental-Health in Aged
Time-use of older adults can be different than in earlier life, especially during the transition from pre- to post-retirement or after experiencing major life events, and the changes could affect their mental health. 
  • 717
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Blood-Based Biomarkers of Autopsies
Autopsies are still needed for the determination and correction of causes of death, even in “clear-cut” cases. Moreover, post mortem sample handling and analysis are challenges that need to be addressed, as they can produce variability in the findings; for this reason, validation with biomarkers is of key importance. 
  • 716
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Visually Impaired Persons’ Assistance
The development of new solutions to assist blind people is a major research domain having great potential to enhance the daily lives of such people. These innovative solutions aim to augment the perception of the surrounding environment for the blind and severely visually impaired. 
  • 716
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Approaches in Complex Congenital Heart Disease
Echocardiography, CT and MRI have a crucial role in the management of congenital heart disease (CHD) patients. All of these modalities can be presented in a two-dimensional (2D) or a three-dimensional (3D) rendered format. 
  • 714
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Motherhood and Schizophrenia
Being a good parent is a very difficult task, made more difficult in the context of serious psychiatric illness such as schizophrenia. The symptoms of the disorder are aggravated by the associated stigma, by poverty, social isolation, and adverse life circumstances. Mothers with schizophrenia need to make difficult decisions, which are hampered by lack of information, social isolation, and no resources. Assistance is theoretically available but is not always accessible, and may not prove effective. Care providers to this population are recommended to partner with mothers with schizophrenia, appreciate their strengths as well as their frailties, offer a wide array of family services and social supports, monitor closely, and be generous with positive feedback.
  • 714
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Kindness in Health Center
The healthcare workplace is a high-stress environment. All stakeholders, including patients and providers, display evidence of that stress. High stress has several effects. Even acutely, stress can negatively affect cognitive function, worsening diagnostic acumen, decision-making, and problem-solving. It decreases helpfulness. As stress increases, it can progress to burnout and more severe mental health consequences, including depression and suicide. One of the consequences (and causes) of stress is incivility. Both patients and staff can manifest these unkind behaviors, which in turn have been shown to cause medical errors. The human cost of errors is enormous, reflected in thousands of lives impacted every year. The economic cost is also enormous, costing at least several billion dollars annually in the US alone. The warrant for promoting kindness, therefore, is enormous. Kindness creates positive interpersonal connections, which, in turn, buffers stress and fosters resilience. Kindness, therefore, is not just a nice thing to do: it is critically important in the workplace. Ways to promote kindness, including leadership modeling positive behaviors as well as the deterrence of negative behaviors, are essential.
  • 708
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cancer Diseases among Less-Developed Countries
Cancer is responsible for killing more people than HIV, malaria, and TB combined. Lower-income and lower-middle-income countries are mainly affected by these deadly diseases. 
  • 706
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Health Status of Afghan Refugees in Europe
Four decades of civil war, violence, and destabilisation have forced millions of Afghans to flee their homes and to move to other countries worldwide. This increasing phenomenon may challenge physicians unfamiliar with the health status of this population, which may be markedly different from that of the host country. Moreover, several factors during their migration, such as transport in closed containers, accidental injuries, malnutrition, and accommodation in detention centres and refugee camps have a major influence on the health of refugees.
  • 704
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Epidemiology—TNBC Risk in T2DM Patients
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is usually the most malignant and aggressive mammary epithelial tumor characterized by the lack of expression for estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors, and the absence of epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2 amplification. Corresponding to 15–20% of all breast cancers and well-known by its poor clinical outcome, this negative receptor expression deprives TNBC from targeted therapy and makes its management therapeutically challenging. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common ageing metabolic disorder due to insulin deficiency or resistance resulting in hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. Due to metabolic and hormonal imbalances, there are many interplays between both chronic disorders leading to increased risk of breast cancer, especially TNBC, diagnosed in T2DM patients.
  • 704
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Exercise on Brain Health
It has been well established in epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials that habitual exercise is beneficial for brain health, such as cognition and mental health. Generally, it may be reasonable to say that the physiological benefits of acute exercise can prevent brain disorders in late life if such exercise is habitually/chronically conducted. 
  • 703
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pediatric Surgery Simulation-Based Training
Pediatric surgery is the diagnostic, operative, and postoperative surgical care of children with congenital and acquired anomalies and diseases. The early history of the specialty followed the classic “see one, do one, teach one” philosophy of training but has since evolved to modern methods including simulation-based training (SBT). Current trainees in pediatric surgery face numerous challenges, such as the decreasing incidence of congenital disease and reduced work hours. 
  • 702
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Informal Social Support on China Older Health
Population aging is an inevitable global trend. The United Nations stipulates that the countries and regions where more than 10% of the population is over 60 years old will become aging societies. In China, the population aged 60 and higher was 253.88 million in 2019, accounting for 18.1% of China’s total population (National Bureau of Statistics 2020), which far exceeds the international standards of aging. Furthermore, the proportion of the older population is still rising.
  • 699
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Could Periodontitis Aggravate Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic and inflammatory systemic disease that has been associated with periodontal pathologies, specifically periodontitis.
  • 698
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Symptom Burden in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the sixth leading cause of death in the United States in 2022 and the third leading cause of death in England and Wales in 2022, is associated with high symptom burden, particularly dyspnoea. Frailty is a complex clinical syndrome associated with an increased vulnerability to adverse health outcomes.
  • 698
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Motor and Cognitive Functions with Home-Confinement COVID-19
Distancing and confinement at home during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has led to worsening of motor and cognitive functions, both for healthy adults and for patients with neurodegenerative diseases. The decrease in physical activity, the cessation of the intervention of the recovery and the social distance imposed by the lockdown, has had a negative impact on the physical and mental health, quality of life, daily activities, as well as on the behavioral attitudes of the diet.
  • 697
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Challenges in Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence Surgery
It can be said that deep-learning-based methods have significantly advanced research and development in the area of robotic surgery, across various tasks including objects detection and recognition, classification, navigation and construction of 3D representation of the environment. However, one of the key requirements for successfully implementation of DL-based methods is the availability of large volumes of carefully annotated datasets. In the surgical environment, this can be very expensive and labor-intensive tasks. More importantly, in some scenarios, it can be even impossible to acquire such data, for example, when you consider the need for estimating depth information for endoscopic surgery images, which is an important task to facilitate navigation in a surgery setting using a robot or a semi-autonomous device. In the deep learning era, if the researchers can obtain large volumes of good quality videos with the corresponding depth maps, then such a task may be very possible.
  • 697
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic Disease in the Offspring
Obesity incidence is rising worldwide, including women of reproductive age, contributing to increased gestations in which Maternal Obesity (MO) occurs. Offspring born to obese mothers present an increased predisposition to develop metabolic (e.g., obesity, diabetes) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The developmental programming of the metabolic dysfunction in MO offspring can initiate in utero. The different availability of metabolic substrates, namely glucose, can modulate cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation, resulting in different levels of tissue maturation and function.
  • 696
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Low-Grade Inflammation and Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption
Inflammation is an immunosurveillance response essential for host defense, which serves to repair damaged tissues and eliminate toxic agents. When this response becomes chronic, it results in the presence of immune system cells for an increasing period of time. This state of low-grade inflammation can lead to dysmetabolic conditions that disrupt homeostasis, favoring the development of a wide range of noncommunicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Particular attention has been paid to the increased consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) worldwide. Characterized by being hyperpalatable, affordable and ready-to-eat, UPF have led to a worsening of the diet quality due to their nutritional composition and have already been recognized as a risk factor for diet-related diseases.
  • 692
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Constructing the Biobank as a Health Place
Biobanks have been established from the beginning of the millennium as relevant infrastructures to support biomedical research. These repositories have also transformed the paradigm of collecting and storing samples and associated clinical data, moving these practices from the healthcare services and research laboratories to dedicated services. Biobanks collect a wide range of samples such as blood, tissues removed in surgeries or biopsies, saliva, hair, teeth, and feces, among others, and these would be, in most of the cases, given by donors voluntarily aiming to contribute for the advancement of biomedical research. Regardless of their health status, every person could be a biobank donor with different attributes or functions. Biobanks store these large amounts of medical information and biological samples collected in healthcare services to be used in biomedical research. These two contexts—healthcare services and research laboratories—have a significant role in determining the chain of procedures through which samples are collected and organized.
  • 688
  • 06 Sep 2022
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