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Topic Review
The Link between 4-Hydroxynonenal and Schizophrenia
The significant complexity of the brain can lead to the development of serious neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. A number of mechanisms are involved in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia, pointing to its complexity and opening a new perspective on studying this disorder. HNE (4-hydroxynonenal) is an essential molecule that significantly impacts cell function and survival. For this reason, it is assumed that HNE might play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other disorders.
  • 947
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Medicines Management
Medicines management, as the handling of medications and medicinal products by healthcare professionals, consists of prescribing, dispensing, distributing, administration, patient education, follow up and monitoring, and is regulated by law.
  • 945
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Critical Incident Stress Management
Critical incident stress management (CISM) is an adaptive, short-term psychological helping-process that focuses solely on an immediate and identifiable problem. It can include pre-incident preparedness to acute crisis management to post-crisis follow-up. Its purpose is to enable people to return to their daily routine more quickly and with less likelihood of experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Evidence-based reviews, however, have concluded that CISM is ineffective for primary trauma victims, and should only be used for secondary victims, such as responding emergency services personnel. CISM was never intended to treat primary victims of trauma.
  • 945
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Laxaphycins
Laxaphycins were first isolated by Moore’s Hawaiian group in 1992. They were extracted from the cyanobacterium Anabaena laxa, collected in mud on the campus of the University of Hawaii.
  • 944
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Prenatal Diagnosis of Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CDLS) is caused by pathogenic variants in genes which are structural or regulatory components of the cohesin complex. The classical Cornelia de Lange (CDLS) phenotype is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth retardation, upper limb reduction defects, hirsutism, and developmental delay. Non-classical phenotypes make this condition heterogeneous. 
  • 944
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Drotrecogin Alfa
Drotrecogin alfa (activated) (Xigris, marketed by Eli Lilly and Company) is a recombinant form of human activated protein C that has anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and profibrinolytic properties. Drotrecogin alpha (activated) belongs to the class of serine proteases. Drotrecogin alfa has not been found to improve outcomes in people with severe sepsis. The manufacturer's aggressive strategies in marketing its use in severe sepsis have been criticized. On October 25, 2011, Eli Lilly & Co. withdrew Xigris from the market after a major study showed no efficacy for the treatment of sepsis.
  • 944
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Organ-on-a-Chip and AI for NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver affects about 25% of global adult population. On the long-term, it is associated with extra-hepatic compliances, multiorgan failure, and death. Various invasive and non-invasive methods are employed for its diagnosis such as liver biopsies, CT scan, MRI, and numerous scoring systems. However, the lack of accuracy and reproducibility represents one of the biggest limitations of evaluating the effectiveness of drug candidates in clinical trials. Organ-on-chips (OOC) are emerging as a cost-effective tool to reproduce in vitro the main NAFLD’s pathogenic features for drug screening purposes. Those platforms have reached a high degree of complexity that generate an unprecedented amount of both structured and unstructured data that outpaced our capacity to analyze the results. The addition of artificial intelligence (AI) layer for data analysis and interpretation enables those platforms to reach their full potential. 
  • 943
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Antiplatelet Agents
Effective platelet inhibition is the main goal of the antiplatelet therapy recommended as a standard treatment in the secondary prevention of non-embolic ischemic stroke. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and clopidogrel are commonly used for this purpose worldwide. A low biological response to antiplatelet agents is a phenomenon that significantly reduces the therapeutic and protective properties of the therapy. The mechanisms leading to high on-treatment platelet reactivity are still unclear and remain multifactorial.
  • 942
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Allergic Rhinitis
Nasal obstruction is a frequent disorder that interferes with the daily patient’s quality of life. The key element in the pathophysiology of the disorder is the inferior turbinate hypertrophy related to multiple conditions such as allergic rhinitis (AR). Many patients are managed using conventional drug therapies such as antihistamines, decongestants, and intranasal steroid sprays, anticholinergic agents, mast cell stabilizers, and desensitizing vaccines. When traditional therapy failed to relieve AR symptoms, surgical inferior turbinate reduction (ITR) is indicated. A vast variety of surgical techniques have been reported in the literature for AR such as resectioning, coagulating, and laser procedures.
  • 942
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV COVID-19 Vaccine
Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV, also known as the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine, is one of two inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccines developed by Sinopharm. It completed Phase III trials in Argentina , Bahrain, Egypt, Morocco, Pakistan , Peru, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with over 60,000 participants. BBIBP-CorV shares similar technology with CoronaVac and BBV152, other inactivated virus vaccines for COVID-19. Based on data provided to WHO, the vaccine shows 78.1% efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 in phase III trials, (21 cases in vaccinated group vs. 95 cases in placebo group). Real-world test-negative analysis in Bahrain (based on 14 days post 2nd dose) indicated a vaccine effectiveness of 90% for adults aged 18-59, and 91% for those 60 year old or older. In December 2020, the UAE previously announced interim results showing 86% efficacy. While mRNA vaccines like the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and mRNA-1273 showed higher efficacy of over 90%, those present distribution challenges for some nations as they require deep-freeze facilities and trucks. BIBP-CorV could be transported and stored at normal refrigerated temperatures. BBIBP-CorV is being used in vaccination campaigns by certain countries in Asia, Africa, South America, and Europe. Sinopharm expects to produce one billion doses of BBIBP-CorV in 2021. By May, Sinopharm had supplied 200 million doses. On 7 May 2021, the World Health Organization approved the vaccine for use in COVAX.
  • 942
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hemopexin-Mediated Cytoprotection in Sickle Cell
Hemopexin (Hpx) is a unique internal scavenging glycoprotein that is responsible for the homeostatic maintenance of blood through the regulatory binding of free heme, which eliminates heme’s harmful pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory potential. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by mutations in the Hb subunit β (HBB) gene coding for the β-globin subunit of the Hb molecule. Specifically, in the series of hemoglobinopathies included under the umbrella term SCD, at least one of the two β-globin subunits of Hb is replaced with the abnormal β-globin hemoglobin S (HbS).
  • 941
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Metabolomic and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic drugs to mitigate pain, however it is associated with gastrointestinal injury and cardiovascular disease in some individuals. Metabolomics allows the use of biological samples to identify useful pathways involved in disease progression, and subsequently inform a greater understanding of the disease pathogenesis. 
  • 941
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
PET/CT in Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy
Experts in nuclear medicine, thoracic oncology, dermatooncology, hemato- and internal oncology, urological and head/neck tumors performed literature reviews in their respective field and a joint discussion on the use of PET/CT in the context of ICI treatment. The aims were to give a clinical overview on present standards and evidence, to identify current challenges and fields of research and to enable an outlook to future developments and their possible implications. 
  • 939
  • 17 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Validation (Drug Manufacture)
Validation is the process of establishing documentary evidence demonstrating that a procedure, process, or activity carried out in testing and then production maintains the desired level of compliance at all stages. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is very important that in addition to final testing and compliance of products, it is also assured that the process will consistently produce the expected results. The desired results are established in terms of specifications for outcome of the process. Qualification of systems and equipment is therefore a part of the process of validation. Validation is a requirement of food, drug and pharmaceutical regulating agencies such as the US FDA and their good manufacturing practices guidelines. Since a wide variety of procedures, processes, and activities need to be validated, the field of validation is divided into a number of subsections including the following: Similarly, the activity of qualifying systems and equipment is divided into a number of subsections including the following:
  • 938
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Inhibitors of β-Catenin to B-Cell Lymphoma 9
β-Catenin is a key multiplayer protein of the Wingless/integrase-1 (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling pathway. The Wnt-signaling pathway plays key roles in regulating cell fate, proliferation, tissue homeostasis and maintenance and embryogenesis. Aberrant accumulation of β-catenin in the cell nucleus as a result of deregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is found in various types of cancer.
  • 936
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Premature MicroRNA-Based Therapeutic
The current understanding of miRNA biology is greatly derived from studies on the guide strands and the passenger strands, also called miRNAs*, which are considered as carriers with no sense for long periods. As such, various studies alter the expression of guide strands by manipulating the expression of their primary transcripts or precursors, both of which are premature miRNAs. In this situation, the regulatory miRNA* species may interfere with the phenotypic interpretation against the target miRNA. However, such methods could manipulate the expression of two functionally synergistic miRNAs of the same precursor, leading to therapeutic potential against various diseases, including cancers. Premature miRNAs represent an underappreciated target reservoir and provide molecular targets for “one-two punch” against cancers. Examples of targetable miRNA precursors and available targeting strategies are provided here.
  • 933
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Fetal Growth Acceleration
Fetal overgrowth is related to many perinatal complications, including stillbirth, cesarean section, maternal and neonatal injuries, and shoulder dystocia. It is related to maternal diabetes, obesity, and gestational weight gain but also happens in low-risk pregnancies. There is ongoing discussion regarding definitions, methods of detection, and classification. The method used for detection is crucial as it draws a line between those at risk and low-risk popula-tions.
  • 931
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Epi-Therapeutics
Usually, miRNAs function post-transcriptionally, by base-pairing with the 3′UTR of target mRNAs, repressing protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, other regions including gene promoters, as well as coding and 5′UTR regions of mRNAs are able to interact with miRNAs. This entry provides information about miRNAs involvement in the various levels of transcription and translation regulation, as well as discusses therapeutic potential of tumor-suppressor epi-miRs used in in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer therapy. 
  • 930
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Evans’ Syndrome
Evans’ syndrome (ES) is defined as the concomitant or sequential association of warm auto-immune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and less frequently autoimmune neutropenia. ES is a rare situation that represents up to 7% of AIHA and around 2% of ITP. When AIHA and ITP occurred concomitantly, the diagnosis procedure must rule out differential diagnoses such as thrombotic microangiopathies, anaemia due to bleedings complicating ITP, vitamin deficiencies, myelodysplastic syndromes, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, or specific conditions like HELLP when occurring during pregnancy. As for isolated auto-immune cytopenia (AIC), the determination of the primary or secondary nature of ES is important. Indeed, the association of ES with other diseases such as haematological malignancies, systemic lupus erythematosus, infections, or primary immune deficiencies can interfere with its management or alter its prognosis. Due to the rarity of the disease, the treatment of ES is mostly extrapolated from what is recommended for isolated AIC and mostly relies on corticosteroids, rituximab, splenectomy, and supportive therapies.
  • 927
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
IgA Nephropathy Treatment Modes
IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis with potentially serious outcome leading to end stage renal disease in 30 to 50% of patients within 20 to 30 years. Renal biopsy, which might be associated with risks of complications (bleeding and others), still remains the only reliable diagnostic tool for IgA nephropathy. Therefore, the search for non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic markers for detection of subclinical types of IgA nephropathy, evaluation of disease activity, and assessment of treatment effectiveness, is of utmost importance.
  • 927
  • 17 Jan 2021
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