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HandWiki. Critical Incident Stress Management. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37424 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. Critical Incident Stress Management. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37424. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "Critical Incident Stress Management" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37424 (accessed September 25, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, December 01). Critical Incident Stress Management. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37424
HandWiki. "Critical Incident Stress Management." Encyclopedia. Web. 01 December, 2022.
Critical Incident Stress Management
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Philosophy:Critical_incident_stress_management

Critical incident stress management (CISM) is an adaptive, short-term psychological helping-process that focuses solely on an immediate and identifiable problem. It can include pre-incident preparedness to acute crisis management to post-crisis follow-up. Its purpose is to enable people to return to their daily routine more quickly and with less likelihood of experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Evidence-based reviews, however, have concluded that CISM is ineffective for primary trauma victims, and should only be used for secondary victims, such as responding emergency services personnel. CISM was never intended to treat primary victims of trauma.

post-traumatic stress stress management crisis management

References

  1. Pulley, Stephen A (March 21, 2005). "Critical Incident Stress Management". eMedicine. http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm. 
  2. Mitchell, Jeffrey T. "Stress Management". Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej. http://www.sgsp.edu.pl/sos/mitchel/wyklady/stress.pdf. 
  3. Mitchell, J.T., & Bray, G.P. (1990). Emergency service stress: Guidelines for preserving the health and careers of emergency services personnel. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
  4. Brandon, S.E. & Silke, A.P. (2007). "Near- and long-term psychological effects of exposure to terrorist attacks". In Bongar, B., Brown, L.M., Beutler, L.E., Breckenridge, J.N., & Zimbardo, P.G. (Eds.). Psychology of terrorism. (pp. 175-193). New York: Oxford University Press.
  5. Mitchell, J. T., & Everly, G. S., Jr. (2000). "Critical incident stress management and critical incident stress debriefings: Evolutions, effects and outcomes". Psychological debriefing: Theory, practice and evidence. (pp. 7190) Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511570148.006 https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511570148.006
  6. "Critical Incident Stress Management". Corrective Service of Canada. http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/plcy/cdshtm/253-2-gl-eng.shtml. 
  7. "Psychological debriefing for preventing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD000560. 2002. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000560. PMID 12076399.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7032695
  8. Harris MB, Stacks JS. A three-year five-state study on the relationships between critical incident stress debriefings, firefighters' disposition, and stress reactions. USFA-FEMA CISM Research Project. Commerce, TX: Texas A&M University, 1998.
  9. "Mental health of trauma-exposed firefighters and critical incident stress debriefing". J Loss Trauma 7 (3): 223–238. 2002. doi:10.1080/10811440290057639.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10811440290057639
  10. Roberts, Neil P.; Kitchiner, Neil J.; Kenardy, Justin; Robertson, Lindsay; Lewis, Catrin; Bisson, Jonathan I. (2019). "Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8: CD006869. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006869.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 31425615.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6699654
  11. Arnold AP van Emmerik; Jan H Kamphuis; Alexander M Hulsbosch; Paul MG Emmelkamp (7 September 2002). "Single session debriefing after psychological trauma: a meta-analysis". The Lancet 360 (9335): 766–771. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09897-5. PMID 12241834.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2802%2909897-5
  12. "The influence of occupational debriefing on post-traumatic stress symptomatology in traumatized police officers". British Journal of Medical Psychology 73: 87–98. 2000. doi:10.1348/000711200160327. PMID 10759053.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1348%2F000711200160327
  13. "Disaster-related post-traumatic stress in police officers: A field study of the impact of debriefing". Stress Medicine 14 (3): 143–148. 1998. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1700(199807)14:3<143::aid-smi770>3.3.co;2-j.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291099-1700%28199807%2914%3A3%3C143%3A%3Aaid-smi770%3E3.3.co%3B2-j
  14. "A randomized controlled trial of individual psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime". Psychol Med 29 (4): 793–799. 1999. doi:10.1017/s0033291799008624. PMID 10473306.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0033291799008624
  15. Kagee A (February 2002). "Concerns about the effectiveness of critical incident stress debriefing in ameliorating stress reactions". Critical Care 6 (1): 88. doi:10.1186/cc1459. PMID 11940272.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137400
  16. "The effectiveness of critical incident stress debriefing with primary and secondary trauma victims". International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 6 (1): 5–14. 2004. PMID 15131998.  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15131998
  17. Blaney, Leigh S. (2009). "Beyond 'knee jerk' reaction: CISM as a health promotion construct". The Irish Journal of Psychology 30 (1–2): 37–57. doi:10.1080/03033910.2009.10446297. Preprint: http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2581.+ISSN 0303-3910.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F03033910.2009.10446297
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