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Topic Review
Cellular and Molecular Events of Wound Healing
Chronic wounds are a silent epidemic threatening the lives of many people worldwide. They are associated with social, health care and economic burdens and can lead to death if left untreated. The treatment of chronic wounds is very challenging as it may not be fully effective and may be associated with various adverse effects. New wound healing agents that are potentially more effective are being discovered continuously to combat these chronic wounds. These agents include silver nanoformulations which can contain nanoparticles or nanocomposites. To be effective, the discovered agents need to have good wound healing properties which will enhance their effectiveness in the different stages of wound healing.
  • 687
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Preparation of Macrophage-Based Microrobots
Macrophages belong to a group of mononuclear phagocytic cells of the innate immune system that plays an important role as the first line of defense against foreign objects, harmful pathogens, and tumorous cells. Due to their characteristics, these cells can be utilized to create macrophage-based microrobots.
  • 686
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
From Shallow to Deep Bioprocess Hybrid Modeling
Hybrid neural network (HNN)  modeling is the combination of artificial neural networks (ANNs) with prior knowledge in a mathematical framework. There are two main approaches to incorporating prior knowledge: design and training methods. Design approaches use prior knowledge to define the network structure, while training approaches use it to guide parameter estimation. Both approaches reduce data dependency, making models less sensitive to sparse and noisy data, and improving their descriptive and predictive capabilities compared to pure ANNs. HNNs are a powerful tool for understanding complex processes like bioprocesses and accelerating product development. Bioprocess modeling is challenging due to nonlinearity, dynamics, and uncertainty. Traditional models based on physical and chemical laws can be overly simplistic or hard to calibrate. Data-driven ANN models lack interpretability and generalization. HNNs combine the strengths of both approaches, enhancing the accuracy, robustness, and efficiency of bioprocess modeling by integrating prior knowledge with ANNs.
  • 685
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Domain Heterogeneity in Radiofrequency Therapies
       The objective of this research work was to study the differences between the predicted ablation volume in homogeneous and heterogeneous models of typical radiofrequency (RF) procedures for pain relief. A three-dimensional computational domain comprising of the realistic anatomy of the target tissue was considered in this study. A comparative analysis was conducted for three different scenarios: (a) a completely homogeneous domain comprising of only muscle tissue, (b) a heterogeneous domain comprising of nerve and muscle tissues, and (c) a heterogeneous domain comprising of bone, nerve and muscle tissues. Finite-element-based simulations were performed to compute the temperature and electrical field distribution during conventional RF procedures for treating pain, and exemplified here for the continuous case. The predicted results reveal that the consideration of heterogeneity within the computational domain results in distorted electric field distribution and leads to a significant reduction in the attained ablation volume during the continuous RF application for pain relief. The findings of this study could provide first-hand quantitative information to clinical practitioners about the impact of such heterogeneities on the efficacy of RF procedures, thereby assisting them in developing standardized optimal protocols for different cases of interest.
  • 683
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Control Methods of Nosemosis
Nosemosis is a serious microsporidian disease of adult European honey bees caused by the spore-forming unicellular fungi Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae.
  • 676
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Application of Microbial Cell Factories
Microbial cell factories are becoming a fundamental technology for pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries to satisfy the welfare of an increasing global population and socio-economic development. Microorganisms are used for the production of various products, including carboxylic acids, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, plant natural products, carotenoids, biogas, and other biofuels. About 52% of FDA-approved chemical entities were naturally derived products during the period of 1981–2006. The production of varied value-added macromolecules and metabolites was witnessed in the last decade by microbial cell factories (MCFs), with titers changing from μg/L to mg/L. Moreover, the introduction of metabolic engineering approaches improved the rate, titer, and yield of industrially vital compounds by manipulating the host metabolism, physiology, stress response, carbon–energy balance, and the annihilation of an undesirable ATP sink. Due to MCFs, the industrial biotechnology sector is increasing expeditiously, and numerous biocommodities are also in production. 
  • 676
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in the Treatments against Human Bacterial Pathogens
The development of RNA-based anti-infectives has gained interest with the successful application of mRNA-based vaccines. Small RNAs are molecules of RNA of <200 nucleotides in length that may control the expression of specific genes. Small RNAs include small interference RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), or microRNAs (miRNAs).
  • 672
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Termite Microbial Symbiosis for Lignocellulosic Future Biorefinery
The hunt for renewable and alternative fuels has driven research towards the biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) into biofuels, including bioethanol and biohydrogen. Among the natural biomass utilization systems (NBUS), termites represent a unique and easy-to-access model system to study host–microbe interactions towards lignocellulose bioconversion/valorization. Termites have gained significant interest due to their highly efficient lignocellulolytic systems. The wood-feeding termites apply a unique and stepwise process for the hydrolysis of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose via biocatalytic processes; therefore, mimicking their digestive metabolism and physiochemical gut environments might lay the foundation for an innovative design of nature-inspired biotechnology.
  • 669
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Umbilical Cord Blood Stem-Cell Transplantations
One of the biggest concern in blood transplantations is the graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) because its chronicity is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. In this regard, umblical cord blood transplantations (UCBT) is a preferable source of donor hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) compared to bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In this report, the authors provide strategies to expand umbilical stem cells and enhance efficacy of transplantation into indicated patients with chronic diseases (e.g. cancers, non malignant hemoglobinopathies).
  • 668
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Exopolysaccharides Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can synthesize a variety of polysaccharides. These comprise a large group of high-molecular-weight molecules consisting of monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond, which exhibit a variety of structures, functional properties, and biological activities. Polysaccharides are one of the main components involved in the formation of the extracellular biofilm matrix. LAB-produced exopolysaccharides (EPS) can be applied in food products, including dairy products, gluten-free bakery products, and low-fat meat products, as they positively influence the consistency, stability, and quality of the final product.
  • 663
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Genetically Modified Probiotics for Prevention of Immune-Related Diseases
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway may play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes mellitus, as well as metabolic syndromes, which could also be risk factors for cardio-metabolic disorders. Consistently, it has been shown that beneficial effects may be convoyed by the modulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway against the development of these diseases. Importantly, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway can be modulated by probiotics. Probiotics have a variety of beneficial properties, with the potential of treating specific diseases such as immune-related diseases, which are valuable to human health. In addition, an increasing body of work in the literature emphasized the contribution of genetically modified probiotics.
  • 662
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Trypanosoma cruzi Disperse Gene Protein Family (DGF-1)
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infections, is included in the group of neglected diseases, and efforts to develop new therapeutic or immunoprevention approaches have not been successful. After the publication of the T. cruzi genome, the number of molecular and biochemical studies on this parasite has increased considerably, many of which are focused on families of variant surface proteins, especially trans-sialidases, mucins, and mucin-associated proteins. The disperse gene protein 1 family (DGF-1) is one of the most abundant families in the T. cruzi genome.
  • 661
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Diversity of Mycogenic Oxide and Chalcogenide Nanoparticles
Oxide and chalcogenide nanoparticles have great potential for use in biomedicine, engineering, agriculture, environmental protection, and other research fields. The myco-synthesis of nanoparticles with fungal cultures, their metabolites, culture liquids, and mycelial and fruit body extracts is simple, cheap and environmentally friendly. The characteristics of nanoparticles, including their size, shape, homogeneity, stability, physical properties and biological activity, can be tuned by changing the myco-synthesis conditions.
  • 657
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Skin Cancer Survival Prediction Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques
The advancement in cancer research using high throughput technology and artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining momentum to improve disease diagnosis and targeted therapy. However, the complex and imbalanced data with high dimensionality pose significant challenges for computational approaches and multi-omics data analysis. 
  • 649
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Applications of CRISPR Systems in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas) system has undergone substantial and transformative progress. CRISPR-Cas is widely applied in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts, and its powerful gene editing efficiency has also facilitated the construction of microbial cell factories for the production of target compounds. Among various microbial host cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae stands out due to its uncomplicated structure and post-translational modification system.
  • 648
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Trends in the Use of Bioluminescent ATP Determinations
Interest in the bioluminescent method for the determination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has not decreased, since ATP is the main carrier and universal source of energy for different biochemical processes occurring in all living cells. The bioluminescent ATP-chemosensing is used for research in the fields of sanitation, biomedicine, toxicology, in solving environmental problems, developing and using environmental technologies, antimicrobials and food products, chemical and biological protective agents and anticorrosive agents, new and effective biocatalysts and biotechnological processes, cell storage facilities, and differentiated cell analysis. The use of ATP-metry as a method of to express an adequate and integral assessment of the state of complex biocatalytic systems allows people not only to study, but also to select factors that most effectively regulate the properties of the objects under study, leading the processes to the desired characteristics.
  • 645
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Azospirillum in Plant Adaptation to Stress
Azospirillum is one of the most studied genera of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and species of this genus are recognized as biofertilizers due to their ability to stimulate plant growth and productivity. Representatives of this genus have different sensitivities or resistances to osmotic stress, pesticides, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and perchlorate and also have the ability to mitigate the consequences of such stresses for plants. 
  • 635
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Ribonomics Approaches to Identify RBPome in Plants
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) form complex interactions with RNA to regulate the cell’s activities including cell development and disease resistance. RNA-binding proteome (RBPome) aims to profile and characterize the RNAs and proteins that interact with each other to carry out biological functions. Generally, RNA-centric and protein-centric ribonomic approaches have been successfully developed to profile RBPome in different organisms including plants and animals. Further, more and more novel methods that were firstly devised and applied in mammalians have shown great potential to unravel RBPome in plants such as RNA-interactome capture (RIC) and orthogonal organic phase separation (OOPS). Despise the development of various robust and state-of-the-art ribonomics techniques, genome-wide RBP identifications and characterizations in plants are relatively fewer than those in other eukaryotes, indicating that ribonomics techniques have great opportunities in unraveling and characterizing the RNA–protein interactions in plant species. 
  • 634
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Bacillus subtilis Spores
Bacillus subtilis spores offer several advantages that make them attractive for protein display. They can be used in a wide array of biotechnological and industrial applications such as vaccines, bioabsorbants to remove toxic chemicals, whole-cell catalysts, bioremediation, and biosensors. Lastly, spores are easily produced in large quantities, have a good safety record, and can be used as additives in foods and drugs.
  • 632
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Newborn Screening for Mucopolysaccharidoses
This article summarizes the attributes and application of digital microfluidic fluorometry (DMF) to screen newborns for mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler Syndrome) and other lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) in the United States (US). DMF was introduced as a novel platform and was adopted in the state of Missouri to screen newborns for four LSD in 2013 (Pompe Disease, Gaucher Disease, Hurler Syndrome and Fabry Disease).  Currently, there are seven state newborn screening programs that use DMF to screen for at least two LSD.  DMF competes with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine residual enzymatic activity in dried blood spots from newborns, which is employed by approximately fifteen state programs in the US to screen for LSD.  Principal advantages of DMF are (1) minimal capital outlay for the equipment and infrastructure to support it, (2) low maintenance operation with no service contracts, (3) a simple workflow accessible to entry-level technicians, (4) "spatial multiplexing" that enables each enzymatic assay to be performed under optimal conditions including pH and buffer within individual droplets, (5) fully automated assay protocol with minimal opportunity for human error, (6) fast turn-around to facilitate same-day reporting of results.  Results from the state programs thus far show that DMF is a convenient and suitable platform to screen newborns for lysosomal storage disorders. 
  • 631
  • 21 Oct 2020
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