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Topic Review
Microbiological Laboratory Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis
Brucella spp. are Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, slow-growing, facultative intracellular bacteria causing brucellosis. Brucellosis is an endemic of specific geographic areas and, although underreported, represents the most common zoonotic infection, with an annual global incidence of 500,000 cases among humans. 
  • 721
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Post-Concussion Syndrome—Epidemiology and Diagnosis Criteria
Head injuries, mild traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in particular, are a significant concern due to their potential to create long-term health consequences, such as post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). PCS is a sequela of mild TBI, with a prevalence rate of 29–90% among patients who have suffered a head injury.
  • 721
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Telepractice Training in Clinical Education
With an increasing demand for telepractice services, the need for telepractice education is more important than ever. In addition to learning how to deliver these services, certain clinical and technological skills learned through telepractice apply more broadly to in-person care. Evaluating students’ abilities to master these skills is necessary to ensure clinical skill competence.
  • 720
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2—Questions and Experiences
Understanding immune reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 is essential for coping with the COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we discuss experiences and open questions about the complex immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Some people react excellently without experiencing any clinical symptoms, they do not get sick, and they do not pass the virus on to anyone else (“sterilizing” immunity). Others produce antibodies, develop memory T cells, and do not get COVID-19 but transmit the virus to others (“protective” immunity). Some people get sick but recover. A varying percentage develops respiratory failure, systemic symptoms, clotting disorders, cytokine storms, or multi-organ failure; they subsequently decease. Some develop long COVID, a new, controversioal pathologic entity similar to fatigue syndrome or autoimmunity. In reality, COVID-19 is considered more of a systemic immune–vascular disease than a pulmonic disease, involving many tissues and the central nervous system. To fully comprehend the complex clinical manifestations, a profound understanding of the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 is a good way to improve clinical management of COVID-19. Although neutralizing antibodies are an established approach to recognize an immune status, cellular immunity plays at least an equivalent or an even more important role. However, reliable methods to estimate the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell capacity are not available for clinical routines. This deficit is important because an unknown percentage of people may exist with good memory T cell responsibility but a low number of or completely lacking peripheral antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Apart from natural immune responses, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 turned out to be very effective and much safer than naturally acquired immunity. Nevertheless, besides unwanted side effects of the currently available vector and mRNA preparations, concerns remain whether these vaccines will be strong enough to defeat the pandemic. Altogether, discussing important questions, and try to give answers based on the current knowledge and preliminary data from our laboratories. 
  • 718
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Physical Activity Measurement Methodologies
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a preventable threat to livelihood and longevity in the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and insufficient physical activity (PA) is a primary cause of NCDs.
  • 716
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Prevention and Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the female genital malignancy with the highest lethality. Patients present a poor prognosis mainly due to the late clinical presentation allied with the common acquisition of chemoresistance and a high rate of tumour recurrence. Effective screening, accurate diagnosis, and personalised multidisciplinary treatments are crucial for improving patients’ survival and quality of life.
  • 716
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Palliative Care in Older People with Multimorbidities
Although numerous studies have been conducted on the needs of cancer patients at the end of their life, there is a lack of studies focused on older patients with non-oncological complex chronic multipathologies. Examining these needs would help to gain a greater understanding of the profile of this specific population within the palliative care (PC) pathway and how the health and care systems can address them. Substantial changes are needed in health and care systems at the institutional level to provide more specialized PC environments and systematized PC processes for multimorbid older patients. It is vital to understand and address the needs of multimorbid older patients and their caregivers given that the number of these patients is growing, which may challenge current healthcare systems. 
  • 714
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
COVID and Gender in Asia-Pacific Region
The COVID-19 pandemic has been the largest infectious disease epidemic to affect the human race since the great influenza pandemic of 1918-19 and is close to approaching the number of deaths from the earlier epidemic. The data on COVID-19 shows that the rate of clinical cases is about 10% greater in females than males in Asia. The number of deaths is greater in males than in females. Women are more likely to experience the psychological effects of COVID-19 during and after acute infections.
  • 711
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli
Multiple-antibiotic-resistant (MAR) extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) represents one of the most frequent causes of human nosocomial and community-acquired infections, whose eradication is of major concern for clinicians. ExPECs may inhabit indefinitely as commensal the gut of humans and other animals; from the intestine, they may move to colonize other tissues, where they are responsible for a number of diseases, including recurrent and uncomplicated UTIs, sepsis and neonatal meningitis. In the pre-antibiotic era, heavy metals were largely used as chemotherapeutics and/or as antimicrobials in human and animal healthcare. As with antibiotics, the global incidence of heavy metal tolerance in commensal, as well as in ExPEC, has increased following the ban in several countries of antibiotics as promoters of animal growth. Furthermore, it is believed that extensive bacterial exposure to heavy metals present in soil and water might have favored the increase in heavy-metal-tolerant microorganisms. The isolation of ExPEC strains with combined resistance to both antibiotics and heavy metals has become quite common and, remarkably, it has been shown that heavy metal resistance genes may co-select antibiotic-resistance genes. 
  • 707
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Function Evaluation on Pregnant COVID-19 Patients
Pregnancy with SARS-CoV-2 infection can raise the risk of many complications, including severe COVID-19 and maternal–fetal adverse outcomes. Additionally, endothelial damage occurs as a result of direct SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as immune system, cardiovascular, and thrombo-inflammatory reactions. The endothelium is the key regulator of vascular homeostasis, as it determines vascular tone, smooth muscle cell proliferation, vessel wall inflammation, and platelet aggregation.
  • 706
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Time-Use and Mental-Health in Aged
Time-use of older adults can be different than in earlier life, especially during the transition from pre- to post-retirement or after experiencing major life events, and the changes could affect their mental health. 
  • 705
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cryptococcus neoformans Genotypic Diversity
Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, a disease with poor patient outcomes, remains the most prevalent invasive fungal infection worldwide, accounting for approximately 180,000 deaths each year. 
  • 705
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Kindness in Health Center
The healthcare workplace is a high-stress environment. All stakeholders, including patients and providers, display evidence of that stress. High stress has several effects. Even acutely, stress can negatively affect cognitive function, worsening diagnostic acumen, decision-making, and problem-solving. It decreases helpfulness. As stress increases, it can progress to burnout and more severe mental health consequences, including depression and suicide. One of the consequences (and causes) of stress is incivility. Both patients and staff can manifest these unkind behaviors, which in turn have been shown to cause medical errors. The human cost of errors is enormous, reflected in thousands of lives impacted every year. The economic cost is also enormous, costing at least several billion dollars annually in the US alone. The warrant for promoting kindness, therefore, is enormous. Kindness creates positive interpersonal connections, which, in turn, buffers stress and fosters resilience. Kindness, therefore, is not just a nice thing to do: it is critically important in the workplace. Ways to promote kindness, including leadership modeling positive behaviors as well as the deterrence of negative behaviors, are essential.
  • 702
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Nutrition Support
Nutrition support refers to the administration of nutrients to individuals who are unable to maintain adequate nutrition through normal food intake. This support is crucial in both clinical and non-clinical settings and may be provided through oral, enteral, or parenteral routes, depending on the patient's condition. The goal is to provide essential macronutrients and micronutrients, promote recovery, and improve or maintain the quality of life. Nutrition support may be indicated for conditions such as severe malnutrition, dysphagia, or illnesses that affect the body’s ability to absorb or utilize nutrients.
  • 702
  • 07 Aug 2025
Topic Review
Therapy for Patients with Hereditary Angioedema during Pregnancy
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare, inherited disease caused by a deficiency (HAE-1) or lack of functional (HAE-2) C1 inhibitor protein. The symptoms present with mucocutaneous swelling of various organ systems, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, which can manifest as stridor and abdominal pain, respectively. HAE can present with increased frequency and severity of attacks during the pregnancy and lactation period. This is thought to be due to hormonal changes, which may trigger HAE attacks. The management of this condition in pregnant and lactating patients can be challenging for providers due to disease rarity and the lack of data regarding the management of this specific population. 
  • 700
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cancer Diseases among Less-Developed Countries
Cancer is responsible for killing more people than HIV, malaria, and TB combined. Lower-income and lower-middle-income countries are mainly affected by these deadly diseases. 
  • 698
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Approaches in Complex Congenital Heart Disease
Echocardiography, CT and MRI have a crucial role in the management of congenital heart disease (CHD) patients. All of these modalities can be presented in a two-dimensional (2D) or a three-dimensional (3D) rendered format. 
  • 694
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Motor and Cognitive Functions with Home-Confinement COVID-19
Distancing and confinement at home during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has led to worsening of motor and cognitive functions, both for healthy adults and for patients with neurodegenerative diseases. The decrease in physical activity, the cessation of the intervention of the recovery and the social distance imposed by the lockdown, has had a negative impact on the physical and mental health, quality of life, daily activities, as well as on the behavioral attitudes of the diet.
  • 690
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Informal Social Support on China Older Health
Population aging is an inevitable global trend. The United Nations stipulates that the countries and regions where more than 10% of the population is over 60 years old will become aging societies. In China, the population aged 60 and higher was 253.88 million in 2019, accounting for 18.1% of China’s total population (National Bureau of Statistics 2020), which far exceeds the international standards of aging. Furthermore, the proportion of the older population is still rising.
  • 689
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Usage of Telerehabilitation
Telerehabilitation is an alternative platform of telecommunication-based practice that could provide alternatives in delivering health education and care for clients or individuals either in clinical, community or home care settings.
  • 689
  • 26 Apr 2022
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