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Topic Review
Carotenoids in Planta
Carotenoids are important natural pigments found in all plants and some bacteria, algae and fungiand constitute one of the largest families of natural products, with more than 750 distinct compounds classified to date. Carotenoids have also been shown to have a significant impact on a number of human diseases, improving the survival rates of some cancers and slowing the progression of neurological illnesses.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
NF-κB and Poultry
Redox biology is a very quickly developing area of modern biological sciences, and roles of redox homeostasis in health and disease have recently received tremendous attention. There are a range of redox pairs in the cells/tissues responsible for redox homeostasis maintenance/regulation. Transcription factor Nrf2 was shown to be a master regulator of antioxidant defenses via activation of various vitagenes and other protective molecules to maintain redox homeostasis in cells/tissues. It was shown that Nrf2 is closely related to another transcription factor, namely, NF-κB, responsible for control of inflammation. The regulatory roles of NF-κB in poultry are still poorly understood, but accumulating information clearly indicates that, similar to mammals, NF-κB is a main regulator of many important processes, including inflammation in avian species.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Phosphorus Fertilizers
Phosphorus fertilizers from sewage sludge ash are fertilizers the raw material of which is waste of municipal origin, i.e. sewage sludge ash (SSA). SSA is the by-product produced during the combustion of dewatered sewage sludge in an incinerator and P-rich secondary raw material. The P content in dry matter of SSA ranges from less than 10% to less than 20%. Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms can be added to SSA-fertilizers to enhance P compounds availability. SSA-fertilizers have a potential to substitute or supplement commercial P fertilizers in times of non-renewable raw material shortage. Their yield-enhancing efficiency of SSA-fertilizers is promising, yet long-term field research concerning the impact on environment are necessary.  
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Fungal Carotenoids
Carotenoids represent a class of pigmented terpenoids. They are distributed in all taxonomic groups of fungi. Most of the fungal carotenoids differ in their chemical structures to those from other organisms. The general function of carotenoids in heterotrophic organisms is protection as antioxidants against reactive oxygen species generated by photosensitized reactions. Furthermore, carotenoids are metabolized to apocarotenoids by oxidative cleavage.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Food Insecurity and Obesity
An interesting paradox is observed in terms of access to proper nutrition in the United States and in much of the world. In the United States, as much as 40% of the total food resources generated is wasted, while simultaneously, 5.6 million households exhibit disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake due to financial or other access-related issues. The disrupted eating patterns and improper nutrition can lead to increased risk of diet-related disease onset especially for chronic diseases such as heart disease, Obesity, hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The discussion herein focuses on the inter-relationship among the following factors: access to proper nutrition, obesity, T2DM, and food waste.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Degradation Path of Deltamethrin
One of the most frequently and widely used pyrethroids is deltamethrin, often employed for the control of household insect pests. The presence of three chiral centers translates into eight possible different stereoisomers, with only one of them having insecticidal activity. Active deltamethrin (a-DLM) has an S configuration at the α−benzyl carbon and a 1-R-cis configuration at the cyclopropane ring.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Parent Origin and Wolves' Conflict
We researched whether the behavior of young migrating wolves (loners), after they leave the pack, resembles parent pack (PP) behavior. Fourteen loners entering the Netherlands could be identified and genetically linked to their PPs. Like their PPs, some young wolves killed sheep and were near humans, others killed sheep and did not approach humans, while two loners were unproblematic, they did not kill sheep nor were they in proximity to humans. Thus, the PP behavior did predict loner’s behavior and human-wildlife conflicts may be similar between young wolves and their PPs. However, conflicts need not arise. To achieve that, new prevention methods are proposed to teach wolves in the PP not to approach sheep and humans. As a result, new generations may not be problematic when leaving the PP.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification
The recent progress of molecular diagnostics has allowed the generation of different sophisticated tools, like loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). This technique has become a well-established in different fields, including medicine, agriculture, and food industry, due to its high specificity, analytical sensitivity, technical simplicity, short analysis time, and low cost. LAMP involves isothermal amplification of target DNA and is highly accordant with point-of-care analysis. It has great potential to improve plant protection diagnostics, especially for in field analyses, detection of plant quarantine pathogens or virus pathogens in early infection stages. In this review, the authors provide detailed overview of the LAMP, describing in particular evolution of the technique, design and main features of the primer set, different visualization methods of LAMP results, its evolution and use in different fields, reporting in detail LAMP application in plant virology, and the main advantages of this technique.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Genomics in Dairy Cattle Selection
Genomics comprises a set of current and valuable technologies implemented as selection tools in dairy cattle commercial breeding programs. The intensive progeny testing for production and reproductive traits based on genomic breeding values (GEBVs) has been crucial to increasing dairy cattle productivity. The knowledge of key genes and haplotypes, including their regulation mechanisms, as markers for productivity traits, may improve the strategies on the present and future for dairy cattle selection. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) such as quantitative trait loci (QTL), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), or single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) methods have already been included in global dairy programs for the estimation of marker-assisted selection-derived effects. The increase in genetic progress based on genomic predicting accuracy has also contributed to the understanding of genetic effects in dairy cattle offspring. However, the crossing within inbred-lines critically increased homozygosis with accumulated negative effects of inbreeding like a decline in reproductive performance. Thus, inaccurate-biased estimations based on empirical-conventional models of dairy production systems face an increased risk of providing suboptimal results derived from errors in the selection of candidates of high genetic merit-based just on low-heritability phenotypic traits. This extends the generation intervals and increases costs due to the significant reduction of genetic gains. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Olfactory Stimulation as Environmental Enrichment for Domestic Horses
Olfactory stimulation is a form of sensory enrichment that holds considerable potential. Odors are relatively cheap, easy to store, and can become dynamic in time and space, rendering an aspect of novelty, which makes olfactory stimulation interesting from a practical point of view. Horses constantly face several challenges inherent to the domestic environment, and it is common for the expression of their natural behavior to be drastically limited. Environmental enrichment has been suggested as an alternative to improve the captive situation of domestic horses.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pregnancy Diagnosis in Dairy Cows
The PL represents a considerable biological and economic waste for the farmer, therefore, the objective of the present review is to discuss recent methods suitable for diagnosing early pregnancy and pregnancy losses in dairy cattle.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Calcium Nutrition of Broilers
Calcium (Ca) is essential for the skeletal growth and a plethora of other functions in broilers. Over 80% of Ca in broiler diets is supplied by inorganic Ca sources among which limestone is the predominant Ca supplement. Currently, considerable attention is being directed towards the use of digestible Ca in poultry feed formulations.The specific aim of the present overview was to highlight the recent advances in the measurement of ileal Ca digestibility of Ca sources and digestible Ca requirement of broilers.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Plants Iron Deficiency
Iron is an essential element for plant growth and development. While abundant in soil, the available Fe in soil is limited. In this regard, plants have evolved a series of mechanisms for efficient iron uptake, allowing plants to better adapt to iron deficient conditions. These mechanisms include iron acquisition from soil, iron transport from roots to shoots, and iron storage in cells. The mobilization of Fe in plants often occurs via chelating with phytosiderophores, citrate, nicotianamine, mugineic acid, or in the form of free iron ions. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Dairy Sheep Milk Genes
The dairy sheep industry is an important but lacking part of the small ruminant industry. For a sheep breeding program, in addition to wool and meat use, sheep milk can also be processed into high-end dairy products such as cheese and milk powder and bring high economic interests for businesses home and abroad. The nutritional value of sheep milk is found higher than that of goat milk and cow milk, with abundant fat yield, protein percentage, and mineral contents, which provide a good opportunity for the development of the sheep milk industry. 
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
HMGB1 Structure and Receptors
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved DNA-shepherding protein that is plentiful in the cell nucleus. HMGB1 is actively secreted by multiple cell types, including macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, endothelial cells, and platelets, and passively by necrotic and damaged cells. Either mode can release substantial amounts of extracellular HMGB1, which participates in multiple biological functions. Serum and liver levels of HMGB1 are significantly increased in some schistosomiasis patients with inflammatory responses, suggesting a close association with disease progression.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Intracellular Sensors——Nod-like Receptors
NOD-like receptors are functionally diverse intracellular sensors with heterogeneous signaling pathways. With the exception of NLRP10, which lacks an Leucine-rich repeats (LRR) domain, all the containing receptors (NLR) families share a common nucleotide-binding and oligomerization (NACHT) and LRR domain organization.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Selenoprotein Tissue Homeostasis
Selenium (Se) (Se 34 79) is an essential trace element mainly known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties as it is part of the catalytic center of different selenoproteins with different enzymatic activities. During different pathologies Se tissue concentration and selenoproteins expression are modified, afecting tissue function. 
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Angolan Slender Mongoose
The Angolan Slender Mongoose (Galerella flavescens) is a small carnivorous mammal native to southern Africa, particularly Angola and Namibia. Known for its slender body, pointed snout, and golden-brown fur, this mongoose species is highly adaptable and can be found in a variety of habitats, including savannas, woodlands, and scrublands. As a skilled hunter, the Angolan Slender Mongoose primarily feeds on insects, small mammals, reptiles, and birds, playing a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem balance in its range.    
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Thermoregulatory Mechanisms in Altricial and Precocial Species
Thermoregulation in newborn mammals is an essential species-specific mechanism of the nervous system that contributes to their survival during the first hours and days of their life. When exposed to cold weather, which is a risk factor associated with mortality in neonates, pathways such as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) are activated to achieve temperature control, increasing the circulating levels of catecholamine and cortisol. Consequently, alterations in blood circulation and mechanisms to produce or to retain heat (e.g., vasoconstriction, piloerection, shivering, brown adipocyte tissue activation, and huddling) begin to prevent hypothermia. Determined mainly by physiological maturity, mammals can be classified into altricial and precocial species. Although altricial and precocial newborns have several mechanisms to maintain a stable body temperature, a sudden drop in temperature experienced at birth reduces vigor and affects their feeding ability. Consequently, the acquisition of immunoglobulins and the ingestion of nutrients that fuel thermogenesis are compromised.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Sponges and Their Symbionts
Marine sponges represent a fascinating phylum of marine invertebrates, hosting a wide symbiotic community together with a huge production of secondary metabolites. The sponge-associated biota may bring together a broad group of phylogenetic lineages, including archaea, bacteria, and fungi.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Sep 2021
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