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Topic Review
Radiomics in Lung Diseases Imaging
Artificial intelligence (AI) has increasingly been serving the field of radiology over the last 50 years. As modern medicine is evolving towards precision medicine, offering personalized patient care and treatment, the requirement for robust imaging biomarkers has gradually increased. Radiomics, a specific method generating high-throughput extraction of a tremendous amount of quantitative imaging data using data-characterization algorithms, has shown great potential in individuating imaging biomarkers. Radiomic analysis can be implemented through the following two methods: hand-crafted radiomic features extraction or deep learning algorithm. Its application in lung diseases can be used in clinical decision support systems, regarding its ability to develop descriptive and predictive models in many respiratory pathologies.
  • 714
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Various Microglial Receptors Interact with α-Synuclein
Synucleinopathies are a set of devastating neurodegenerative diseases that share a pathologic accumulation of the protein α-synuclein (α-syn). This accumulation causes neuronal death resulting in irreversible dementia, deteriorating motor symptoms, and devastating cognitive decline. α-Syn is an intrinsically disordered 140-amino acid protein consisting of an amphipathic N-terminus (residues 1–60), hydrophobic central region (residues 61–95), and acidic C-terminus (residues 86–140). Synucleinopathies are characterized by the accumulation of α-syn in the CNS. The structural form of the accumulation varies across different patients and different conditions. While the etiology of these conditions remains largely unknown, microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), have been consistently implicated in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies. Microglia are generally believed to be neuroprotective in the early stages of α-syn accumulation and contribute to further neurodegeneration in chronic disease states.
  • 714
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Complications of Different Types of Cancer Therapies
It is more likely that a long-term survivor will have both cardiovascular disease and cancer on account of the progress in cancer therapy. Cardiotoxicity is a well-recognized and highly concerning adverse effect of cancer therapies. This side effect can manifest in a proportion of cancer patients and may lead to the discontinuation of potentially life-saving anticancer treatment regimens. Consequently, this discontinuation may adversely affect the patient’s survival prognosis. There are various underlying mechanisms by which each anticancer treatment affects the cardiovascular system.
  • 713
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Disease Progression of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia
Waldenström macroglobulinemia is an indolent, B-cell lymphoma without a known cure. The bone marrow microenvironment and cytokines both play key roles in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) tumor progression. Only one FDA-approved drug exists for the treatment of WM, Ibrutinib, but treatment plans involve a variety of drugs and inhibitors.
  • 712
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nutrition as Personalized Medicine against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is acknowledged that vulnerable people can suffer from mortal complications of COVID-19. Therefore, strengthening the immune system particularly in the most fragile people could help to protect them from infection. First, general nutritional status and food consumption patterns of everyone affect the effectiveness of each immune system. The effects of nutrition could impact the level of intestinal and genital microbiota, the adaptive immune system, and the innate immune system. Indeed, immune system cells and mediators, which are crucial to inflammatory reaction, are in the structures of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins and are activated through vitamins (vit) and minerals. Therefore, the association of malnutrition and infection could damage the immune response, reducing the immune cells and amplifying inflammatory mediators. Both amount and type of dietary fat impact on cytokine biology, that consequently assumes a crucial role in inflammatory disease. 
  • 711
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Exosomes and Glioblastoma
Brain tumours are a serious concern among both physicians and patients. The most feared brain tumour is glioblastoma (GBM) due to its heterogeneous histology, substantial invasive capacity, and rapid postsurgical recurrence. Even in cases of early management consisting of surgery, chemo-, and radiotherapy, the prognosis is still poor, with an extremely short survival period. Consequently, researchers are trying to better understand the underlying pathways involved in GBM development in order to establish a more personalised approach. The latest focus is on molecular characterisation of the tumour, including analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanostructures derived from both normal and pathological cells that have an important role in intercellular communication due to the various molecules they carry. There are two types of EV based on their biogenesis, but exosomes are of particular interest in GBM. Recent studies have demonstrated that GBM cells release numerous exosomes whose cargo provides them the capacity to facilitate tumour cell invasion and migration, to stimulate malignant transformation of previously normal cells, to increase immune tolerance towards the tumour, to induce resistance to chemotherapy, and to enhance the GBM vascular supply. As exosomes are specific to their parental cells, their isolation would allow a deeper perspective on GBM pathogenesis. A new era of molecular manipulation has emerged, and exosomes are rapidly proving their value not only as diagnostic and prognostic markers, but also as tools in therapies specifically targeting GBM cells. Nonetheless, further research will be required before exosomes could be used in clinical practice. This review aims to describe the structural and functional characteristics of exosomes and their involvement in GBM development, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.
  • 709
  • 17 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Silent Corticotroph Adenomas
 The 2017 World Health Organization classification of endocrine tumors defines pituitary adenomas based on their cell lineages. T-PIT can serve as a complimentary tool for further identification of silent corticotroph adenomas (SCAs). Unlike functioning corticotroph adenomas in patients with Cushing’s disease, SCAs present no clinical and biochemical features of Cushing’s syndrome. SCAs have been shown to exhibit a more aggressive course characterized by a higher probability of recurrence and resistance to conventional treatment due to their intrinsic histological features.  
  • 708
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Precision Oncology Beyond Genomics
Cancer is a multifactorial disease with increasing incidence. There are more than 100 different cancer types, defined by location, cell of origin, and genomic alterations that influence oncogenesis and therapeutic response. This heterogeneity between tumors of different patients and also the heterogeneity within the same patient’s tumor pose an enormous challenge to cancer treatment.
  • 705
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Repurposing Cannabidiol
In recent years, evidence has accumulated that cannabinoids—especially the non-psychoactive compound, cannabidiol (CBD)—possess promising medical and pharmacological activities that might qualify them as potential anti-tumor drugs. In this review, we elaborate on the biological effects of CBD in the anti-tumor molecular mechanism and application prospects.
  • 704
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Trials in Prader–Willi Syndrome
Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex, genetic, neurodevelopmental disorder. PWS has three molecular genetic classes. The most common defect is due to a paternal 15q11-q13 deletion observed in about 60% of individuals. This is followed by maternal disomy 15 (both 15 s from the mother), found in approximately 35% of cases. the remaining individuals have a defect of the imprinting center that controls the activity of imprinted genes on chromosome 15. Mild cognitive impairment and behavior problems in PWS include self-injury, anxiety, compulsions, and outbursts in childhood, impacted by genetic subtypes. Food seeking and hyperphagia can lead to morbid obesity and contribute to diabetes and cardiovascular or orthopedic problems. Individuals with the different PWS molecular classes present with varying clinical findings. 
  • 704
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutics in Respiratory Pathology
As aerobic organisms, we are continuously and throughout our lifetime subjected to an oxidizing atmosphere and, most often, to environmental threats. The lung is the internal organ most highly exposed to this milieu. Therefore, it has evolved to confront both oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a variety of pollutants, pathogens, and allergens that promote inflammation and can harm the airways to different degrees. Indeed, an excess of ROS, generated intrinsically or from external sources, can imprint direct damage to key structural cell components (nucleic acids, sugars, lipids, and proteins) and indirectly perturb ROS-mediated signaling in lung epithelia, impairing its homeostasis. These early events complemented with efficient recognition of pathogen- or damage-associated recognition patterns by the airway resident cells alert the immune system, which mounts an inflammatory response to remove the hazards, including collateral dead cells and cellular debris, in an attempt to return to homeostatic conditions.
  • 702
  • 30 Jan 2021
Topic Review
PSMA-TRT and Putative Biomarkers
Theranostics of prostate cancer (PC) represents a growing area of development of imaging agents and targeted radionuclide therapeutics against a major target, prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA). In view of the encouraging efficacy from the use of 177Lu and other radionuclides in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), it is becoming increasingly important to identify surrogate markers that can help predict which patients are more likely to respond and experience improved survival. This review discusses potential predictors of efficacy of PSMA-targeted radionuclide therapies (TRT) segregated in three major categories: imaging, clinical and molecular.
  • 701
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Urinary Peptides in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Analysis of the urine samples was performed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). Peptide sequences were obtained and 31 specific peptide markers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were identified and further integrated into a multivariate classification model. The discovered urinary peptides offered a potential noninvasive tool for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.  
  • 701
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The Features of Magnaporthe oryzae Genome
Magnaporthe oryzae (synonym of Pyricularia oryzae), which causes rice blast disease, is a plant pathogenic fungus belonging to the Ascomycota phylum. 
  • 691
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
CtDNA in Therapy of CRC
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent cancer in men and the second in women. The prognosis depends not only on the stage at diagnosis, but also the surgical alternatives and the systemic treatment received. Due to the implementation of screening programs, the introduction of novel systemic therapies, and the advanced surgical procedures, the oncological outcomes have dramatically improved in the last years.
  • 687
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cancer and Thrombosis
The first known observation of the association between cancer and venous thromboembolism (VTE) is attributed to Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud. VTE in cancer patients is a major complicating factor for cancer patients, and is associated with increased mortality. The term “cancer-associated thrombosis” usually refers to VTE, but arterial thrombosis in cancer patients may be a problem that deserves more attention than it receives. Bleeding is the main side-effect of anticoagulant therapy. Cancer patients are more prone to bleeding than other patients for different reasons, e.g., thrombocytopenia, growth of the solid cancers into internal organs, or the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hence, in anticoagulant treatment of cancer patients it is pivotal to weigh the risk of thrombosis against the risk of bleeding.
  • 685
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Sodium Intake induece Cardiovascular damages
Sodium (Na+), contained in dietary salt, is essential for human homeostasis. For millions of years, our ancestors ate less than 0.25 g of salt per day, while the current average daily consumption approaches 10 g in most countries. Such an increase over a comparatively modest time span imposes a significant physiological challenge in evolutionary terms.
  • 683
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Radiation Impacts Microbiota Compositions
The composition of the gut microbiota represents an early indicator of chronic post-radiation side-effects in elderly bone and immunogenic traits of the gastrointestinal homeostasis. Fecal microbiota analyses revealed that the relative abundances of Bacteroides massiliensis, Muribaculum sp., or Prevotella denticola were different between conventional microbiota (CM) and anti-inflammatory restricted microbiota (RM). The murine RM was found conditional on mucosa-associated dysbiosis under both, disturbances of interleukin (IL)-17 signaling, and exposure to radiation alone. The hypothesis that intestinal microbiota induced alterations in DNA repair and expressed transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in the small intestine is discussed, thereby impacting bone microstructure and osteoblast dysfunction in silicon ion (1.5 Gy 28Si ions of 850 MeV/u) irradiated mice. Bacterial microbiota compositions influenced therapeutic approaches, correlated with clinical outcomes in radiotherapy and were associated with alterations of the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infections during the last global pandemics.
  • 679
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
5-Azacitidine Treatment in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Patients
This entry focused on the impact of the treatment with the hypomethylating agent 5-azacitidine on the redox status and inflammation in 24 MDS patients. Globally, MDS patients showed less redox status in terms of a reduction in the GSSG/GSH ratio and in the LPO levels, as well as increased CAT activity compared with healthy subjects, with no changes in SOD, GPx, and GRd activities, or  AOPP levels. When analyzing the evolution from early to advanced stages of the disease, we found that the GPx activity, GSSG/GSH ratio, LPO, and AOPP increased, with a reduction in CAT. GPx changes were related to the presence of risk factors such as high-risk IPSS-R or mutational score. Moreover, there was an increase in IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α plasma levels, with a further increase of IL-2 and IL-10 from early to advanced stages of the disease. However, we did not observe any association between inflammation and oxidative stress.
  • 678
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Consequence of BRCA1 Haploinsufficiency
How and why distinct genetic alterations, such as BRCA1 mutation, promote tumorigenesis in certain tissues, but not others, remain an important issue in cancer research. The underlying mechanisms may reveal tissue-specific therapeutic vulnerabilities. Although the roles of BRCA1, such as DNA damage repair and stalled fork stabilization, obviously contribute to tumor suppression, these ubiquitously important functions cannot explain tissue-specific tumorigenesis by BRCA1 mutations. The consequences of BRCA1 haploinsufficiency in the context of tissue provide hints. 
  • 676
  • 23 Mar 2022
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