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Topic Review
Microfluidic Devices for Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells
CTCs (circulating tumor cells) are well-known for their use in clinical trials for tumor diagnosis. Capturing and isolating these CTCs from whole blood samples has enormous benefits in cancer diagnosis and treatment. In general, various approaches are being used to separate malignant cells, including immunomagnets, macroscale filters, centrifuges, dielectrophoresis, and immunological approaches. These procedures, on the other hand, are time-consuming and necessitate multiple high-level operational protocols. In addition, considering their low efficiency and throughput, the processes of capturing and isolating CTCs face tremendous challenges. Meanwhile, recent advances in microfluidic devices promise unprecedented advantages for capturing and isolating CTCs with greater efficiency, sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy. In a very short span of time, microfluidics has emerged in several technological advancements. There are a variety of materials for microfluidic device fabrication, each with different properties according to the requirements. Based on the required specific characteristics of the fabrication material and product requirements, different techniques are used for the development of the device. Another major aspect is the cost of the involved material. In most cases, used devices are disposed of. Thus, the method involved should be economically feasible.
  • 838
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Electrospun Magnetic Nanofiber Mats in Cancer Treatment Applications
The number of cancer patients is rapidly increasing worldwide. Among the leading causes of human death, cancer can be regarded as one of the major threats to humans. Although many new cancer treatment procedures such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical methods are being developed and used for testing purposes, results show limited efficiency and high toxicity, even if they have the potential to damage cancer cells in the process. In contrast, magnetic hyperthermia is a field that originated from the use of magnetic nanomaterials, which, due to their magnetic properties and other characteristics, are used in many clinical trials as one of the solutions for cancer treatment. Magnetic nanomaterials can increase the temperature of nanoparticles located in tumor tissue by applying an alternating magnetic field. 
  • 837
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
PN Drugs Against Intracellular Infections
Polymeric nanocarriers (PNs) are a promising alternative for delivering intracellularly antimicrobials of high toxicity, low solubility and low bioavailability to reduce dose and side effects and improve their therapeutic efficacy. They may prevent unwanted drug interactions and degradation thus decreasing the development of resistance in microorganisms. 
  • 836
  • 25 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Graphene-Integrated Hydrogels based Photothermal Biomedicine
Recently, photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as one of the most promising biomedical strategies for different areas in the biomedical field owing to its superior advantages, such as being noninvasive, target-specific and having fewer side effects. Graphene-based hydrogels (GGels), which have excellent mechanical and optical properties, high light-to-heat conversion efficiency, and good biocompatibility, have been intensively exploited as potential photothermal conversion materials. 
  • 833
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Micromechanical Modeling of Nanoporous Metals
Nanoporous metals are characterized by a complex bicontinuous structure, which is similar to open pore foams but typically has a higher relative density. Micromechanical modeling of nanoporous metals consists of the modeling of the complex microstructure and, based on this structural input, the simulation of the mechanical behavior by numerical methods using Molecular Dynamics, Finite Element Methods, or Finite Cell Methods. The microstructure is usually obtained from 3D high-resolution imaging techniques and subsequent image processing. Alternatively, artificial microstructures with sufficient similarity to nanoporous metals can be generated by computational methods. The investigated volume is limited to a Representative Volume Element (RVE), which is small enough for achieving an elastic or elastic-plastic simulation on a computer, but large enough to deliver a reliable result, which is not any more affected by the randomness of individual features within the modeled volume of material and the boundary conditions applied to the RVE. The mechanical simulation predicts the macroscopic deformation behavior that is required to determine the Young's modulus, stress-strain curve as well as further detailed information on defect generation, deformation mechanisms, local stress and strain fields, etc. On the macroscopic level, structural descriptors are combined with predicted mechanical properties to establish structure-properties relationships.
  • 831
  • 02 May 2021
Topic Review
Carbon-Based Textile Sensors for Different Physiological-Signal Monitoring
As the focus on physical health increases, the market demand for flexible wearable sensors increases. Textiles combined with sensitive materials and electronic circuits can form flexible, breathable high-performance sensors for physiological-signal monitoring. Carbon-based materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon black (CB) have been widely utilized in the development of flexible wearable sensors due to their high electrical conductivity, low toxicity, low mass density, and easy functionalization.
  • 831
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Bone Remodeling
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are extensively used in bone-related studies as biomaterials due to their unique magnetic properties and good biocompatibility. Through endocytosis, IONPs enter the cell where they promote osteogenic differentiation and inhibit osteoclastogenesis in vivo. This result is further supported by in-vivo findings, showing that osteoblasts and osteoclasts internalize the IONPs, yielding superior bone regeneration and weaker bone resorption. Therefore, IONPs  have a potential clinical application value to promote bone regeneration and prevent osteoporosis.
  • 831
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Strategies of Renal Drug Delivery Systems
The kidneys are the most important organs in the human urinary system, selectively filtering blood and metabolic waste into urine via the renal glomerulus. Based on charge and/or molecule size, the glomerular filtration apparatus acts as a barrier to therapeutic substances. Therefore, drug distribution to the kidneys is challenging, resulting in therapy failure in a variety of renal illnesses. Hence, different approaches to improve drug delivery across the glomerulus filtration barrier are being investigated. Nanotechnology in medicine has the potential to have a significant impact on human health, from illness prevention to diagnosis and treatment. Nanomaterials with various physicochemical properties, including size, charge, surface and shape, with unique biological attributes, such as low cytotoxicity, high cellular internalization and controllable biodistribution and pharmacokinetics, have demonstrated promising potential in renal therapy. Different types of nanosystems have been employed to deliver drugs to the kidneys. 
  • 830
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hydroxyapatite Doped with Photoluminescent Elements
Photoluminescence is an especially important and useful mechanism for in situ investigations in tissue engineering, surgery, tissue restoration. Labeling with the aid of organic fluorescent molecules has been popular in clinical trials for years. In recent times, many inorganic components, even nanoparticles, have been proposed to be such candidates. Nonetheless, the toxicity of such particles represents a challenge to practical application because of their composition and nano-size character. A luminescent material with high biocompatibility is a perfect candidate for implantation and clinical application. 
  • 828
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) nanosheets have shown extensive applications due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. However, the low light absorption efficiency limits their application in optoelectronics. By rolling up 2D TMDCs nanosheets, the one-dimensional (1D) TMDCs nanoscrolls are formed with spiral tubular structure, tunable interlayer spacing, and opening ends. Due to the increased thickness of the scroll structure, the light absorption is enhanced. Meanwhile, the rapid electron transportation is confined along the 1D structure. 
  • 826
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Metal Nanoparticles for C–H activation
The design of highly active metal nanoparticles to be employed as efficient heterogeneous catalysts is a key tool for the construction of complex organic molecules and the minimization of their environmental costs. The formation of novel C–N bonds via C–H activation is an effective atom-economical strategy to access high value materials in pharmaceuticals, polymers, and natural product production. 
  • 823
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Multiple Scale Fibrous systems Heating
Different types of heating systems have been developed lately, representing a growing interest in both the academic and industrial sectors. Based on the Joule effect, fibrous structures can produce heat once an electrical current is passed, whereby different approaches have been followed. For that purpose, materials with electrical and thermal conductivity have been explored, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, metallic nanostructures, intrinsically conducting polymers, fibers or hybrids.
  • 821
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Green Electrospun Nanofibers for Biotechnology
Electrospinning is a versatile and scalable fabrication technique that is used to produce nanoscale fibers with diameters ranging from a few nanometers up to micrometers. In a typical electrospinning process, a high voltage is applied to a polymer solution or melt loaded in a syringe. When the electrical forces overcome the surface tension of the liquid or melt, a charged jet is ejected from the tip of the syringe. As the jet travels in the air, one of two things can occur. For techniques using a polymer solution, the solvent evaporates as the jet travels, leaving behind thin solid fibers. For melt electrospinning or other solvent-free techniques, the polymer jet undergoes solidification as it travels, without any solvent evaporation involved. In both cases, the solidified fibers are then deposited on the collector. The key differences are whether solvent evaporation plays a role (for solution electrospinning) or if only solidification occurs without solvents (for melt electrospinning).
  • 820
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Market of Antibody–Drug Conjugates
The cytotoxic effect and therapeutic window of mAbs by constructing antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), in which the targeting moiety is the mAb that is linked to a highly toxic drug. According to a report from mid of last year, the global ADCs market accounted for USD 1387 million in 2016 and was worth USD 7.82 billion in 2022. It is estimated to increase in value to USD 13.15 billion by 2030. One of the critical points is the linkage of any substituent to the functional group of the mAb. Increasing the efficacy against cancer cells’ highly cytotoxic molecules (warheads) are connected biologically. The connections are completed by different types of linkers, or there are efforts to add biopolymer-based nanoparticles, including chemotherapeutic agents.
  • 817
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Lipid-Based Nano-Sized Cargos
Bone metastasis has been considered the fatal phase of cancers, which remains incurable and to be a challenge due to the non-availability of the ideal treatment strategy. Unlike bone cancer, bone metastasis involves the spreading of the tumor cells to the bones from different origins. Bone metastasis generally originates from breast and prostate cancers. The possibility of bone metastasis is highly attributable to its physiological milieu susceptible to tumor growth. The treatment of bone-related diseases has multiple complications, including bone breakage, reduced quality of life, spinal cord or nerve compression, and pain. However, anticancer active agents have failed to maintain desired therapeutic concentrations at the target site; hence, uptake of the drug takes place at a non-target site responsible for the toxicity at the cellular level. Interestingly, lipid-based drug delivery systems have become the center of interest for researchers, thanks to their biocompatible and bio-mimetic nature. These systems possess a great potential to improve precise bone targeting without affecting healthy tissues.
  • 814
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Stimuli-Responsive Smart Materials for Wearable Technology in Healthcare
Thanks to the Internet of Things (IoT), the demand for the development of miniaturized and wearable sensors has skyrocketed. Among them, novel sensors for wearable medical devices are mostly needed. Wearable sensors can monitor physiological parameters in a non-invasive way, thus strongly reducing but not fully avoiding any reactions. With the goal of smart health monitoring, nanosized sol–gel precursors, bringing coupling agents into their chemical structure, were used to modify halochromic dyestuffs, both minimizing leaching from the treated surfaces and increasing photostability for the development of stimuli-responsive sensors.
  • 814
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Gold Nanoparticles: The Guest
Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) have received a growing attention due to their fascinating physiochemical properties and promising range of biomedical applications including sensing, diagnosis and cancer photothermal ablation. AuNP enjoy brilliant optical properties and ability to convert light into local heat and function as a “nanoheaters” to fight cancer. However, AuNP are poor drug delivery systems as they do not have reservoirs or matrices to achieve an acceptable drug loading efficiency. On the other end, liposome-based nanocarriers do not exhibit such optical properties but are excellent platform for drug loading and they have been proven clinically with a true presence in the market since the FDA approved Doxil® in 1995. 
  • 814
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on Fe and Cu
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been postulated as viable, innovative, and efficient technologies for the removal of pollutants from water. Among AOPs, photo-Fenton processes have been shown to be effective for the degradation of various types of organic compounds in industrial wastewater.
  • 813
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Metal Nanoclusters Synthesized in Alkaline Ethylene Glycol
The “unprotected” metal and alloy nanoclusters (UMCs) prepared by the alkaline ethylene glycol method, which are stabilized with simple ions and solvent molecules, have the advantages of a small particle size, a narrow size distribution, good stability, highly efficient preparation, easy separation, surface modification and transfer between different phases. They can be composited with diverse materials to prepare catalytic systems with controllable structures, providing an effective means of studying the different factors’ effects on the catalytic properties separately. UMCs have been widely used in the development of high-performance catalysts for a variety of functional systems.
  • 811
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nano-Scaled Materials and Polymer Integration in Biosensing Tools
The evolution of biosensors and diagnostic devices has been thriving in its ability to provide reliable tools with simplified operation steps. These evolutions have paved the way for further advances in sensing materials, strategies, and device structures. Polymeric composite materials can be formed into nanostructures and networks of different types, including hydrogels, vesicles, dendrimers, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP), etc. Due to their biocompatibility, flexibility, and low prices, they are promising tools for future lab-on-chip devices as both manufacturing materials and immobilization surfaces. Polymers can also allow the construction of scaffold materials and 3D structures that further elevate the sensing capabilities of traditional 2D biosensors.
  • 810
  • 19 Jun 2022
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