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Topic Review
Metal Nanoclusters Synthesized in Alkaline Ethylene Glycol
The “unprotected” metal and alloy nanoclusters (UMCs) prepared by the alkaline ethylene glycol method, which are stabilized with simple ions and solvent molecules, have the advantages of a small particle size, a narrow size distribution, good stability, highly efficient preparation, easy separation, surface modification and transfer between different phases. They can be composited with diverse materials to prepare catalytic systems with controllable structures, providing an effective means of studying the different factors’ effects on the catalytic properties separately. UMCs have been widely used in the development of high-performance catalysts for a variety of functional systems.
  • 857
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Amorphous Nanomaterials
Two-dimensional amorphous nanomaterials (2D ANMs) are booming gradually and show promising application prospects in electrochemical fields for extended specific surface area, abundant active sites, tunable electron states, and faster ion transport capacity.
  • 856
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Nanotube Films as Sensor Material
The photo-thermoelectric (PTE) effect in electronic materials effectively combines photo-absorption-induced local heating and associated thermoelectric conversion for uncooled and broadband photo-detection. Formation of heterogeneous material junctions across the carbon nanotube (CNT)-film-based PTE sensors, namely photo-detection interfaces, triggers the Seebeck effect with photo-absorption-induced local heating. Typical photo-detection interfaces include a channel–electrode boundary and a junction between P-type CNTs and N-type CNTs (PN junctions). While the original CNT film channel exhibits positive Seebeck coefficient values, the material selections of the counterpart freely govern the intensity and polarity of the PTE response signals. Based on these operating mechanisms, CNT film PTE sensors demonstrate a variety of physical and chemical non-destructive inspections. 
  • 851
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Enriching WPCs and NFPCs with Carbon Nanomaterials
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, with their unique mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and wettability properties, are very effective fillers for many types of composites. Recently, a number of studies have shown that CNTs and graphene may be integrated into wood–plastic composites (WPCs) and natural-fibre-reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) to improve the existing performance of the WPCs/NFPCs as well as enabling their use in completely new areas of engineering. 
  • 850
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Graphene-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostics
The combination of diagnostics and therapy (theranostic) is one of the most complex, yet promising strategies envisioned for nanoengineered multifunctional systems in nanomedicine. From the various multimodal nanosystems proposed, a number of works have established the potential of Graphene-based Magnetic Nanoparticles (GbMNPs) as theranostic platforms. This magnetic nanosystem combines the excellent magnetic performance of magnetic nanoparticles with the unique properties of graphene-based materials, such as large surface area for functionalization, high charge carrier mobility and high chemical and thermal stability. This hybrid nanosystems aims toward a synergistic theranostic effect. 
  • 848
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Strategies of Renal Drug Delivery Systems
The kidneys are the most important organs in the human urinary system, selectively filtering blood and metabolic waste into urine via the renal glomerulus. Based on charge and/or molecule size, the glomerular filtration apparatus acts as a barrier to therapeutic substances. Therefore, drug distribution to the kidneys is challenging, resulting in therapy failure in a variety of renal illnesses. Hence, different approaches to improve drug delivery across the glomerulus filtration barrier are being investigated. Nanotechnology in medicine has the potential to have a significant impact on human health, from illness prevention to diagnosis and treatment. Nanomaterials with various physicochemical properties, including size, charge, surface and shape, with unique biological attributes, such as low cytotoxicity, high cellular internalization and controllable biodistribution and pharmacokinetics, have demonstrated promising potential in renal therapy. Different types of nanosystems have been employed to deliver drugs to the kidneys. 
  • 845
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Micromechanical Modeling of Nanoporous Metals
Nanoporous metals are characterized by a complex bicontinuous structure, which is similar to open pore foams but typically has a higher relative density. Micromechanical modeling of nanoporous metals consists of the modeling of the complex microstructure and, based on this structural input, the simulation of the mechanical behavior by numerical methods using Molecular Dynamics, Finite Element Methods, or Finite Cell Methods. The microstructure is usually obtained from 3D high-resolution imaging techniques and subsequent image processing. Alternatively, artificial microstructures with sufficient similarity to nanoporous metals can be generated by computational methods. The investigated volume is limited to a Representative Volume Element (RVE), which is small enough for achieving an elastic or elastic-plastic simulation on a computer, but large enough to deliver a reliable result, which is not any more affected by the randomness of individual features within the modeled volume of material and the boundary conditions applied to the RVE. The mechanical simulation predicts the macroscopic deformation behavior that is required to determine the Young's modulus, stress-strain curve as well as further detailed information on defect generation, deformation mechanisms, local stress and strain fields, etc. On the macroscopic level, structural descriptors are combined with predicted mechanical properties to establish structure-properties relationships.
  • 844
  • 02 May 2021
Topic Review
Organic and Polymeric Micro/Nanocarriers
Micro/nanocarriers are organic and polymeric materials that are structurally oriented to act like capsules in aqueous and organic media in order to protect, transport, and release cargo, among other applications. Liposomes are organic micro/nanocarriers based on phospholipids that form vesicles. In contrast, polymeric micro/nanocarriers are based on amphiphilic and backbone polymers that form micelles, polymersomes, and polymeric spheres. Micro/nanocarriers are usually produced via precipitation and emulsion techniques, using a hydrophobic/hydrophilic solvent mixture, an emulsifier or surfactant, and crosslinker agents acting as template-like reaction initiators to orientate the amphiphilic backbone polymers, forming their structure. Cargo is loaded either during the assembly process, by solubilizing the cargo in the hydrophobic or hydrophilic solvent, or after the carrier’s formation, by dispersing the carriers into a high-cargo-concentration solution, followed by further cargo diffusion through the carrier.
  • 844
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Nano-Scaled Materials and Polymer Integration in Biosensing Tools
The evolution of biosensors and diagnostic devices has been thriving in its ability to provide reliable tools with simplified operation steps. These evolutions have paved the way for further advances in sensing materials, strategies, and device structures. Polymeric composite materials can be formed into nanostructures and networks of different types, including hydrogels, vesicles, dendrimers, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP), etc. Due to their biocompatibility, flexibility, and low prices, they are promising tools for future lab-on-chip devices as both manufacturing materials and immobilization surfaces. Polymers can also allow the construction of scaffold materials and 3D structures that further elevate the sensing capabilities of traditional 2D biosensors.
  • 844
  • 19 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Metal–Organic Frameworks for Removal of Chemical Warfare Agents
The destruction of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is a crucial area of research due to the ongoing evolution of toxic chemicals. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of porous crystalline solids, have emerged as promising materials for this purpose. Their remarkable porosity and large surface areas enable superior adsorption, reactivity, and catalytic abilities, making them ideal for capturing and decomposing target species. Moreover, the tunable networks of MOFs allow customization of their chemical functionalities, making them practicable in personal protective equipment and adjustable to dynamic environments.
  • 844
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Ga Based Particles/Alloys/Composites
Liquid metal (LM) materials, including pure gallium (Ga) LM, eutectic alloys and their composites with organic polymers and inorganic nanoparticles, are cutting-edge functional materials owing to their outstanding electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, extraordinary mechanical compliance, deformability and excellent biocompatibility. The unique properties of LM-based materials at room temperatures can overcome the drawbacks of the conventional electronic devices, particularly high thermal, electrical conductivities and their fluidic property, which would open tremendous opportunities for the fundamental research and practical applications of stretchable and wearable electronic devices. Therefore, research interest has been increasingly devoted to the fabrication methodologies of LM nanoparticles and their functional composites.
  • 842
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Electrospun Magnetic Nanofiber Mats in Cancer Treatment Applications
The number of cancer patients is rapidly increasing worldwide. Among the leading causes of human death, cancer can be regarded as one of the major threats to humans. Although many new cancer treatment procedures such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical methods are being developed and used for testing purposes, results show limited efficiency and high toxicity, even if they have the potential to damage cancer cells in the process. In contrast, magnetic hyperthermia is a field that originated from the use of magnetic nanomaterials, which, due to their magnetic properties and other characteristics, are used in many clinical trials as one of the solutions for cancer treatment. Magnetic nanomaterials can increase the temperature of nanoparticles located in tumor tissue by applying an alternating magnetic field. 
  • 840
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Optical Sensing Applications of Metal Nanoparticles
Plasmonics deals with the free electron vibrations in metal nanostructures, and the interaction of such vibrations with atoms and molecules to create optical nanodevices. A surface plasmon is a collective oscillation of free electrons on the metal surface when the real part of the metal dielectric constant is negative. If the electromagnetic wave is coupled to collective electron oscillations, a surface plasmon wave is induced and propagates along the metal surface, and the electric field in the normal direction to the metal surface is nonradiative and strongly localized at the metal surface. An important phenomenon in plasmonics is the strong spatial localization of electron oscillations at a plasmon resonance frequency. This strong localization leads to a huge increase in the local electric and magnetic fields. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is the collective oscillation of free electrons like that of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). 
  • 840
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Graphene-Integrated Hydrogels based Photothermal Biomedicine
Recently, photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as one of the most promising biomedical strategies for different areas in the biomedical field owing to its superior advantages, such as being noninvasive, target-specific and having fewer side effects. Graphene-based hydrogels (GGels), which have excellent mechanical and optical properties, high light-to-heat conversion efficiency, and good biocompatibility, have been intensively exploited as potential photothermal conversion materials. 
  • 837
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Doped Carbon Quantum Dot-Based Nanomaterials
The development of advanced lubricants is essential for the pursuit of energy efficiency and sustainable development. In order to improve the properties of lubricating fluids, high-performance lubricating additives are required. In recent research studies, carbon nanomaterials such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene have been examined as lubricating additives to water or oil. Lubricating oils are well known for the presence of additives, especially friction-reducers and anti-wear additives. Carbon dots (CD) are carbon nanomaterials that are synthesized from single-atom-thick sheets containing a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups; they have gained increasing attention as friction-reducing and antiwear additives. CDs have gradually been revealed to have exceptional tribological properties, particularly acting as additives to lubricating base oils.
  • 837
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Carbon-Based Textile Sensors for Different Physiological-Signal Monitoring
As the focus on physical health increases, the market demand for flexible wearable sensors increases. Textiles combined with sensitive materials and electronic circuits can form flexible, breathable high-performance sensors for physiological-signal monitoring. Carbon-based materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon black (CB) have been widely utilized in the development of flexible wearable sensors due to their high electrical conductivity, low toxicity, low mass density, and easy functionalization.
  • 836
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hydroxyapatite Doped with Photoluminescent Elements
Photoluminescence is an especially important and useful mechanism for in situ investigations in tissue engineering, surgery, tissue restoration. Labeling with the aid of organic fluorescent molecules has been popular in clinical trials for years. In recent times, many inorganic components, even nanoparticles, have been proposed to be such candidates. Nonetheless, the toxicity of such particles represents a challenge to practical application because of their composition and nano-size character. A luminescent material with high biocompatibility is a perfect candidate for implantation and clinical application. 
  • 835
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Metal Nanoparticles for C–H activation
The design of highly active metal nanoparticles to be employed as efficient heterogeneous catalysts is a key tool for the construction of complex organic molecules and the minimization of their environmental costs. The formation of novel C–N bonds via C–H activation is an effective atom-economical strategy to access high value materials in pharmaceuticals, polymers, and natural product production. 
  • 834
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Market of Antibody–Drug Conjugates
The cytotoxic effect and therapeutic window of mAbs by constructing antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), in which the targeting moiety is the mAb that is linked to a highly toxic drug. According to a report from mid of last year, the global ADCs market accounted for USD 1387 million in 2016 and was worth USD 7.82 billion in 2022. It is estimated to increase in value to USD 13.15 billion by 2030. One of the critical points is the linkage of any substituent to the functional group of the mAb. Increasing the efficacy against cancer cells’ highly cytotoxic molecules (warheads) are connected biologically. The connections are completed by different types of linkers, or there are efforts to add biopolymer-based nanoparticles, including chemotherapeutic agents.
  • 834
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nanosized Janus and Dendrimer Particles
Nanosized Janus and dendrimer particles have emerged as promising nanocarriers for the target-specific delivery and improved bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Janus particles, with two distinct regions exhibiting different physical and chemical properties, provide a unique platform for the simultaneous delivery of multiple drugs or tissue-specific targeting. Conversely, dendrimers are branched, nanoscale polymers with well-defined surface functionalities that can be designed for improved drug targeting and release. Both Janus particles and dendrimers have demonstrated their potential to improve the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, increase the intracellular uptake of drugs, and reduce their toxicity by controlling the release rate. 
  • 831
  • 27 Nov 2023
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