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Topic Review
Interplay between Drugs and Mycotoxins
Mycotoxin contamination is a global food safety issue leading to major public health concerns. Repeated exposure to multiple mycotoxins not only has repercussions on human health but could theoretically also lead to interactions with other xenobiotic substances—such as drugs—in the body by altering their pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics. The combined effects of chronic drug use and mycotoxin exposure need to be well understood in order to draw valid conclusions and, in due course, to develop guidelines.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Aromatic Plants Metabolic Engineering
Secondary metabolites of aromatic plants are used in many health applications as drugs, pheromones, insecticides, fragrances, and antioxidants. Due to the huge commercial demand for these secondary metabolites, the need to overcome the insufficient productivity of aromatic plants has become a significant challenge. Plant breeding is a traditional, labor-intensive, and limited method to improve the ability of aromatic plants to produce secondary metabolites.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Topical and Intradermal Administration in Horse
Horses are companion animals with temperamental and sensitive characteristics that play an important role in the lives of many individuals. Therefore, the global demand and market for equine healthcare products are rapidly increasing. However, comprehensive, and intensive information on drug development relating to equine health is still very much in its infancy. Delivering drugs to horses orally is a major challenge, as the physiology and anatomy of the equine gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) can result in poor bioavailability of some oral drugs. Additionally, due to their size, the dosages required are much larger and higher cost compared to those of humans; with potential of adverse effects, especially for antibiotics, following the administration of some drugs.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Second-Entry Semisolid Topical Products
The development of second-entry topical products is hampered by several factors. The excipient composition should be similar to the reference product because excipients may also contribute to efficacy. Conventional pharmacokinetic bioequivalence studies were not considered acceptable because drug concentrations are measured downstream after the site of action. There was no agreed methodology to characterize the microstructure of semisolids, and waivers of therapeutic equivalence studies with clinical endpoints were not possible.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Nanomedicine for Pediatric Healthcare
Pediatrics is the field of medicine that centers on physical, social, and mental health from birth to the end of adolescence. Nanotechnology has received enthusiasm among the scientific community, particularly in medicine and pharmaceutical fields, due to its potential to incorporate diagnostic and treatment tools in the same nanocarrier, enhance targetability to specific organs, decrease toxicity, and potentially reduce treatment schedules. At the same time, it provides a tool to increase patient compliance, which is an essential task concerning the pediatric population.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers Derived from the Molecular Profiling of TNBC
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the most aggressive and heterogenous type of cancer, lacks the expression of hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth receptor-2, making chemotherapy the only treatment regimen against TNBC. To overcome the problem faced during chemotherapy, and to address the heterogeneity of TNBC, targeted therapy emerged based on the molecular profiling of TNBC. Several biomarkers are used as targets for the precision therapy in TNBC, including EGFR, VGFR, TP53, interleukins, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, c-MET, androgen receptor, BRCA1, glucocorticoid, PTEN, ALDH1, etc.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nefroprotective Potential of Amazonian Plant Species
There are several Amazonian plant species with potential pharmacological validation for the treatment of acute kidney injury, a condition in which the kidneys are unable to adequately filter the blood, resulting in the accumulation of toxins and waste in the body. 
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Potential of Ulotaront for Neuropsychiatric Disorders
SEP-363856 (International Nonproprietary Name: Ulotaront) is an investigational antipsychotic drug with a novel mechanism of action that does not involve antagonism of dopamine D2 receptors. Ulotaront is an agonist of trace amine-associated receptor 1 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, but can modulate dopamine neurotransmission indirectly. In 2019, the United States Food and Drug Administration granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation for ulotaront for the treatment of schizophrenia.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Photobiomodulation for Taste Alteration
Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy employs light at red and near-infrared wavelengths to modulate biological activity. The therapeutic effect of PBM for the treatment or management of several diseases and injuries has gained significant popularity among researchers and clinicians, especially for the management of oral complications of cancer therapy. This entry focuses on the current evidence on the use of PBM for the management of a frequent oral complication due to cancer therapy—taste alteration.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Animal Lectins
Animal lectins are proteins with carbohydrate recognition activity. Galectins, the β-galactoside binding lectins, are expressed in various cells and have been reported to regulate several immunological and physiological responses. Recently, some galectins have been reported to regulate some viral infections, including influenza A virus (IAV); however, the mechanism is still not fully understood.
  • 1.0K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Nanotheranostics for Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis refers to the pathophysiological conditions where the medium and large arteries are significantly affected due to spatial deposition of various materials such as lipoproteins (particularly cholesterol), immune cells (circulating monocytes), proinflammatory factors (i.e., macrophages and T-cells), degraded extracellular matrix components and necrotic products. Atherosclerosis is considered to be the primary cause of chronic CVDs, including coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis is characterized by a series of physiological events, including endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory responses, cell proliferation, lipoprotein deposition, vascular remodeling, and finally, plaque formation.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Dabigatran in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is caused by neurodegenerative, but also vascular and hemostatic changes in the brain. The oral thrombin inhibitor dabigatran, which has been used for over a decade in preventing thromboembolism and has a well-known pharmacokinetic, safety and antidote profile, can be an option to treat vascular dysfunction in early AD, a condition known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Dabigatran blocks soluble thrombin, thrombin-mediated formation of fibrin and amyloid-ß protein (Aβ)-containing fibrin clots. These clots are deposited in brain parenchyma and blood vessels in areas of CAA, leading to vascular and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, hypoperfusion and chronically reduced oxygen (hypoxia) and nutrient supply, mainly in hippocampal and neocortical brain areas. Dabigatran has the potential to preserve perfusion and oxygen delivery to the brain, and to prevent parenchymal Aß-, thrombin- and fibrin-triggered inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, leading to synapse and neuron death, and cognitive decline. 
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Ginkgo biloba and Phenolic Compounds in Age-Related Diseases
Ginkgo biloba, and its main constituent compounds, the ginkgolides, have become something of a celebrity as far as natural drug candidates go.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Supramolecules in Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction
The chemical components of traditional Chinese medicine have various sources and unique structures. During the high-temperature boiling process, various active components form supramolecules due to complex interactions. The supramolecular structure in a traditional Chinese medicine decoction can not only be used as a drug carrier to promote the absorption and distribution of medicinal components but may also have biological activities superior to those of single active ingredients or their physical mixtures. 
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Fungal–Fungal Co-Culture for Discovery of New Secondary Metabolites
Fungi are an important and prolific source of secondary metabolites (SMs) with diverse chemical structures and a wide array of biological properties. Fungal–fungal co-culture is the major source of new SMs and consists of two types including liquid state fermentation (LSF) and solid state fermentation (SSF). Potato dextrose broth (PDB) and rice are the most common co-culture media for fungal LSF and SSF, respectively.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Immunoproteasome
Proteasome inhibition is a promising strategy for the treatment of multiple myeloma; unfortunately, this disease is often associated with an increasing chemoresistance. One novel approach may be to target the immunoproteasome, a proteasomal isoform mainly present in cells of hematopoietic origin. We investigated the activity of a panel of amides against immunoproteasome core particles as potential agents for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Amide 6 showed an ideal profile since it was able to inhibit both the chymotrypsin-like activities of the immunoproteasome with Ki values of 4.90 µM and 4.39 µM for β1i and β5i, respectively, coupled with an EC50 =17.8 µM against MM.1R cells. Compound 6 inhibited also ubiquitinated protein degradation and was able to act on different phases of MM cell cycle reducing the levels of cyclin A/CDK1, cyclin B/CDK1 and cyclin D/CDK4/6 complexes, which turns in cell cycle arrest.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2
Being a controller of cytoprotective actions, inflammation, and mitochondrial function through participating in the regulation of multiple genes in response to stress-inducing endogenous or exogenous stressors, the transcription factor Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2) is considered the main cellular defense mechanism to maintain redox balance at cellular and tissue level. While a transient activation of NRF2 protects normal cells under oxidative stress, the hyperactivation of NRF2 in cancer cells may help them to survive and to adapt under oxidative stress. This can be detrimental and related to cancer progression and chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, inhibition of NRF2 activity may be an effective approach for sensitizing cancer cells to anticancer therapy.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Endocannabinoid Signaling Pathways
Endocannabinoids play an important role as powerful regulators of synaptic function in the central nervous system where they regulate neural functions and behaviors. As fundamental modulators of synaptic function, endocannabinoids can regulate neural functions such as cognition, motor control, pain, and feeding behavior. The interaction between endogenous or exogenous ligands and endocannabinoid receptors initiates signaling pathways.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
NF-κB Pathway Inhibitors in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment
The NF-κB family is a group of transcription factors that play a pivotal role in regulating various biological processes, including immune responses, inflammation, cell survival, and cellular differentiation. The involvement of the NF-κB pathway in immune system responses, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal survival highlights its significance in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Platelets in Diseases
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a versatile signaling lipid involved in the regulation of numerous cellular processes. S1P regulates cellular proliferation, migration, and apoptosis as well as the function of immune cells. S1P is generated from sphingosine (Sph), which derives from the ceramide metabolism. In particular, high concentrations of S1P are present in the blood. This originates mainly from erythrocytes, endothelial cells (ECs), and platelets. While erythrocytes function as a storage pool for circulating S1P, platelets can rapidly generate S1P de novo, store it in large quantities, and release it when the platelet is activated. Platelets can thus provide S1P in a short time when needed or in the case of an injury with subsequent platelet activation and thereby regulate local cellular responses. In addition, platelet-dependently generated and released S1P may also influence long-term immune cell functions in various disease processes, such as inflammation-driven vascular diseases. New pharmacological approaches that target the auto- or paracrine effects of S1P may be therapeutically helpful in the future for pathological processes involving S1P.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Sep 2022
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