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Topic Review
Wheat Dwarf Virus and Disease
Wheat dwarf disease (WDD) is an important disease of monocotyledonous species, including economically important cereals. The causative pathogen, wheat dwarf virus (WDV), is persistently transmitted mainly by the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus and can lead to high yield losses. Due to climate change, the periods of vector activity increased, and the vectors have spread to new habitats, leading to an increased importance of WDV in large parts of Europe. In the light of integrated pest management, cultivation practices and the use of resistant/tolerant host plants are currently the only effective methods to control WDV.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Aquaporins in Plant-Pathogen Interaction
It is well known that plant aquaporins are channel proteins facilitating passive diffusion of water and small molecules across membrane. In addition to this function, aquaporins also have important functions in mediating host-pathogen interaction, which have appealed general interests. In turns, phytopathogens also employ aquaporins to modulate their growth, development, and pathogenicity. This review focuses on the latest progress in deciphering the functions of aquaporins in host-pathogen interaction. Understanding of the sophisticated functions of aquaporins may not only broaden our insights into the machinery underlying host-pathogen interaction, but also provide references for developing new strategies for controlling diseases.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Balancing Photosynthesis through Cyclic Electron Flow
Cyclic Electron Flow （CEF）has evolved to divert electrons back to PETC to enhance H+ pumping to boost the proton motive force (PMF) across the thylakoid membranes to balance photosynthesis and, consequently, NADPH/ATP ratio.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Plant Growth Promotion Using Bacillus cereus
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) appear to be a sensible competitor to conventional fertilization, including mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products. Undoubtedly, one of the most interesting bacteria exhibiting plant-stimulating traits is, more widely known as a pathogen, Bacillus cereus. Several environmentally safe strains of B. cereus have been isolated and described, including B. cereus WSE01, MEN8, YL6, SA1, ALT1, ERBP, GGBSTD1, AK1, AR156, C1L, and T4S. These strains have been studied under growth chamber, greenhouse, and field conditions and have shown many significant traits, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase production or phosphate solubilization, which allows direct plant growth promotion. It includes an increase in biometrics traits, chemical element content (e.g., N, P, and K), and biologically active substances content or activity, e.g., antioxidant enzymes and total soluble sugar. Hence, B. cereus has supported the growth of plant species such as soybean, maize, rice, and wheat. Importantly, some B. cereus strains can also promote plant growth under abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, and heavy metal pollution.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Orchids in the Czech Republic
In this entry, we determined the associations of orchid species richness and the degree of their specialization to specific environmental conditions (expressed by species specialization index) with altitude in six floristic areas in the Czech Republic.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Land-Use Intensification on Plant–Pollinator Interactions
Permanent grasslands are main habitats for many plant species and pollinators. Their destruction as well as their intensification has a major impact on plant and pollinator biodiversity, which has a cascading effect on pollination. However, we lack an understanding of these effects, thereby limiting our ability to predict them. In this review, we synthesised the literature on the mechanisms behind this cascade to provide new insights into the relationship between land-use intensification and pollination. By matching functional traits that mediate the relationship between the two trophic levels, we identified major knowledge gaps about how land-use intensification affects plant–pollinator interactions and how it favours plants with generalised floral traits, which are likely harmful to pollination.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Gibberellin
Gibberellins (GAs) are an important group of phytohormones associated with diverse growth and developmental processes, including cell elongation, seed germination, and secondary growth.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Wetland Plants across China
Accelerating and severe wetland loss has made wetland restoration increasingly important. Current wetland restorations do not take into consideration the ecological adaptability of wetland plants at large scales, which likely affects their long-term restoration success. We explored the ecological adaptability, including plant life forms and phylogenetic diversity, of plants across 28 wetlands in China. We found that perennial herbs were more common than annual herbs, with the proportion of perennial herbs accounting for 40–50%, 45–65%, 45–70%, 50–60%, and 60–80% of species in coastal wetlands, human-made wetlands, lake wetlands, river wetlands, and marsh wetlands, respectively. A ranking of phylogenetic diversity indices (PDIs) showed an order of marsh < river < coastal < lake < human-made, meaning that human-made wetlands had the highest phylogenetic diversity and marsh wetlands had the lowest phylogenetic diversity. The nearest taxon index (NTI) was positive in 23 out of 28 wetlands, indicating that species were phylogenetically clustered in wetland habitats. 
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Intercropping Cover Crops for a Vital Ecosystem Service
Cover crops are the crucial components of a sustainable crop production system because of their critical ecological services. Cover crops grown between rows of primary crops provide more benefits than conventional cropping systems, where ecosystem services are strengthened by lessening anthropogenic inputs.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Enhancing Plants Fungal Disease Resistance
Fungal diseases pose a major threat to ornamental plants, with an increasing percentage of pathogen-driven host losses. In ornamental plants, management of the majority of fungal diseases primarily depends upon chemical control methods that are often non-specific. Host basal resistance, which is deficient in many ornamental plants, plays a key role in combating diseases. Despite their economic importance, conventional and molecular breeding approaches in ornamental plants to facilitate disease resistance are lagging, and this is predominantly due to their complex genomes, limited availability of gene pools, and degree of heterozygosity.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Evolution of 14-3-3 Proteins in Angiosperm Plants
14-3-3 proteins are key regulatory factors in plants and are involved in a broad range of physiological processes. We focused on the evolutionary history of 14-3-3s from 46 angiosperm species, including basal angiosperm Amborella and major lineage of monocotyledons and eudicotyledons. 
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biological Activities of Lavandin
Lavandin essential oil has been found to have antioxidant and biocidal activity (antimicrobial, nematicidal, antiprotozoal, insecticidal, and allelopathic), as well as other potential therapeutic effects such as anxiolytic, neuroprotective, improving sleep quality, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Lesion Mimic Formation in Rice
Plant lesion mutation usually refers to the phenomenon of cell death in green tissues before senescence in the absence of external stress, and such mutants also show enhanced resistance to some plant pathogens. The occurrence of lesion mimic mutants in rice is affected by gene mutation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, an uncontrolled programmed cell death system, and abiotic stress.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Graphene Oxide on Plant Growth
Several reports of graphene oxide (GO) promoting plant growth have sparked interest in its potential applications in agroforestry. These reports show conflicting results from different perspectives, such as plant physiology, biochemistry, cytology, and molecular biology, regarding the beneficial and detrimental effects of GO on plant growth. Seemingly inconsistent studies make it difficult to effectively apply GO in agroforestry. It is proposed that an appropriate concentration of GO may be conducive to its positive effects, and the particle size of GO should be considered when GO is applied in agricultural applications.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Killer Yeasts
Killer yeast for the Biological Control of Postharvest Fungal Crop Diseases
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Nov 2020
Topic Review
RNA-Protein Interactions in Plants
RNAs transmit information from DNA to encode proteins that perform all cellular processes and regulate gene expression in multiple ways. From the time of synthesis to degradation, RNA molecules are associated with proteins called RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). The RBPs play diverse roles in many aspects of gene expression including pre-mRNA processing and post-transcriptional and translational regulation. In the last decade, the application of modern techniques to identify RNA–protein interactions with individual proteins, RNAs, and the whole transcriptome has led to the discovery of a hidden landscape of these interactions in plants. Global approaches such as RNA interactome capture (RIC) to identify proteins that bind protein-coding transcripts have led to the identification of close to 2000 putative RBPs in plants.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Mar 2021
Topic Review
N-glycoproteins in Plant Cell Walls
Cell walls are an extracellular compartment specific to plant cells, which is not found in animal cells. Their composition varies between cell types, plant species, and physiological states. They are composed of a great diversity of polymers, e.g., polysaccharides, proteins, and lignins. Cell wall proteins (CWPs) are major players involved in the plasticity of cell walls which support cell growth and differentiation, as well as adaptation to environmental changes. In order to reach the extracellular space, CWPs are transported through the secretory pathway where they may undergo post-translational modifications, including N-glycosylations on the Asn residues in specific motifs (Asn-X-Ser/Thr-X, with X≠Pro).
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Phytochemical Composition of Lessertia frutescens
Lessertia frutescens is a multipurpose medicinal plant indigenous to South Africa. The curative ability of the medicinal plant is attributed to its rich phytochemical composition, including amino acids, triterpenoids, and flavonoids.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Ubiquitylation of ABA Receptors/PP2Cs
Post-translational modifications play a fundamental role in regulating protein function and stability. In particular, protein ubiquitylation is a multifaceted modification involved in numerous aspects of plant biology.  Regarding proteolytic functions of Ub, Lys-48-linked branched chains are the most common chain type for proteasomal degradation, whereas promotion of endocytosis and vacuolar degradation is triggered through monoubiquitylation or Lys63-linked chains introduced in integral or peripheral plasma membrane proteins. Hormone signaling relies on regulated protein turnover, and specifically the half-life of ABA signaling components is regulated both through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome system and the endocytic/vacuolar degradation pathway. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Iris sibirica and Zantedeschia aetiopica
Z. aethiopica and I. sibirica are two flowering species that have been used as emergent vegetation for the treatment of domestic wastewater. Z. aethiopica is  in high demand in the national market in Mexico. The two species have a proven specific capacity to tolerate and take up pharmaceuticals  and heavy metals.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Nov 2020
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