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Topic Review
Advances on Smart Cities and Smart Buildings
Modern cities are facing the challenge of combining competitiveness on a global city scale and sustainable urban development to become smart cities. A smart city is a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information, and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable, greener city; competitive and innovative commerce; and an increased quality of life. This Special Issue collects the recent advancements on smart cities and covers different topics and aspects.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Frequency Control and Virtual Inertia Emulation
Integrating renewable energy through inverter-based generators has decreased the power system’s inertia. Reduced inertia may lead to frequency instability during power imbalance disturbances, particularly in an isolated power system with limited inertia. The Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and a virtual inertia (VI) emulation control system have become popular to mitigate this issue. Nonetheless, the BESS utilization for VI emulation is highly dependent on the availability of BESS capacity, which may affect the energy cost. Therefore, developing a VI emulation control strategy that requires less energy and can recover the state of charge (SoC) to a desired level to optimize BESS utilization is required.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
ML-Based Classification Algorithms for SCIM
In industry, electric motors such as the squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) generate motive power and are particularly popular due to their low acquisition cost, strength, and robustness. Along with these benefits, they have minimal maintenance costs and can run for extended periods before requiring repair and/or maintenance. Early fault detection in SCIMs, especially at low-load conditions, further helps minimize maintenance costs and mitigate abrupt equipment failure when loading is increased. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Induction Heater
An induction heater is a key piece of equipment used in all forms of induction heating. Typically an induction heater operates at either medium frequency (MF) or radio frequency (RF) ranges. Four main component systems form the basis of a modern induction heater
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sensing and Detection of Viruses
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is a virus that belongs to the coronavirus family that provokes respiratory illness in humans. It was transmitted from animals to humans in a mutated form and was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes COVID-19, a disease named by the World Health Organization on 11 February 2020.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Biography
Udhayakumar Kaithamalai
Dr. Udhayakumar Kaithamalai is working as professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, India. Beginning in August 2001, he has held positions at this University in a variety of capacities including Teaching & Research Associate, Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, Assistant Professor, Associate Professor and Professor (cur
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis of Silver Nanostructure
Silver nanoparticles are one of the commonly used metal materials for SP because of their high sensitivity to refractive index change, convenient synthesis, and high controllable degree of shape and size. Silver nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes are used in many fields. Various synthesis methods have undergone many improvements over time and technological developments in order to provide precise control over the shape and size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticle fabrication is usually divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Mixed Criticality Technology
Embedded systems used in critical systems, such as aeronautics, have undergone continuous evolution in recent years. In this evolution, many of the functionalities offered by these systems have been adapted through the introduction of network services that achieve high levels of interconnectivity. The high availability of access to communications networks has enabled the development of new applications that introduce control functions with higher levels of intelligence and adaptation. In these applications, it is necessary to manage different components of an application according to their levels of criticality. The concept of “Industry 4.0” has recently emerged to describe high levels of automation and flexibility in production. The digitization and extensive use of information technologies has become the key to industrial systems. Due to their growing importance and social impact, industrial systems have become part of the systems that are considered critical. This evolution of industrial systems forces the appearance of new technical requirements for software architectures that enable the consolidation of multiple applications in common hardware platforms—including those of different criticality levels. These enabling technologies, together with use of reference models and standardization facilitate the effective transition to this approach. 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Power-Flow Study
In power engineering, the power-flow study, or load-flow study, is a numerical analysis of the flow of electric power in an interconnected system. A power-flow study usually uses simplified notations such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various aspects of AC power parameters, such as voltages, voltage angles, real power and reactive power. It analyzes the power systems in normal steady-state operation. Power-flow or load-flow studies are important for planning future expansion of power systems as well as in determining the best operation of existing systems. The principal information obtained from the power-flow study is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus, and the real and reactive power flowing in each line. Commercial power systems are usually too complex to allow for hand solution of the power flow. Special purpose network analyzers were built between 1929 and the early 1960s to provide laboratory-scale physical models of power systems. Large-scale digital computers replaced the analog methods with numerical solutions. In addition to a power-flow study, computer programs perform related calculations such as short-circuit fault analysis, stability studies (transient and steady-state), unit commitment and economic dispatch. In particular, some programs use linear programming to find the optimal power flow, the conditions which give the lowest cost per kilowatt hour delivered. A load flow study is especially valuable for a system with multiple load centers, such as a refinery complex. The power flow study is an analysis of the system’s capability to adequately supply the connected load. The total system losses, as well as individual line losses, also are tabulated. Transformer tap positions are selected to ensure the correct voltage at critical locations such as motor control centers. Performing a load flow study on an existing system provides insight and recommendations as to the system operation and optimization of control settings to obtain maximum capacity while minimizing the operating costs. The results of such an analysis are in terms of active power, reactive power, magnitude and phase angle. Furthermore, power-flow computations are crucial for optimal operations of groups of generating units. The Open Energy Modelling Initiative promotes open source load-flow models and other types of energy system models.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Flexible Current Control Strategies Applied to LVRT Capability
Distributed power generation plays a critical role in the stability and reliability of modern power systems. Due to the rapid growth of renewable energy generation, the requirements of the transmission and distribution system operators are becoming more stringent. Among these requirements, one of the most important is the Low-Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) capability, which demands that the inverters remain connected to the grid and provide support during voltage sags. For this purpose, flexible current control algorithms stand out because they can manage unbalanced voltages and simultaneously achieve other control objectives.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Denoising Techniques for High-Performance MEMS Microphones
The MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) microphone is a representative device among the MEMS family, which has attracted substantial research interest, and those tailored for human voice have earned distinct success in commercialization. With the advancement of microphone technology and the market, microphones have become carriers for various intelligent applications, therefore demanding higher criteria in noise suppression. For instance, a hearing aid should suppress ambient noise while delivering relevant sounds to the user. Additionally, in specific environments, the noise performance of microphones is crucial for communication and intelligent voice-related needs such as voice activation and speech recognition.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Crack Analysis in Structures Using Image Processing Technique
Structural health monitoring (SHM) involves the control and analysis of mechanical systems to monitor the variation of geometric features of engineering structures. Damage processing is one of the issues that can be addressed by using several techniques derived from image processing. There are two types of SHM: contact-based and non-contact methods. Sensors, cameras, and accelerometers are examples of contact-based SHM, whereas photogrammetry, infrared thermography, and laser imaging are non-contact SHM techniques. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Power Line Communication Technology
Power line communication (PLC) is a technology that exploits existing electrical transmission and distribution networks as guiding structures for electromagnetic signal propagation. This facilitates low-rate data transmission for signaling and control operations. As the demand in terms of data rate has greatly increased, the attention paid to broadband PLC (BPLC) has also greatly increased. This concept also extended to railways as broadband traction power line communication (BTPLC), aiming to offer railway operators an alternative data network in areas where other technologies are lacking.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Network Slicing in 5G
As the idea of a new wireless communication standard (5G) started to circulate around the world, there was much speculation regarding its performance, making it necessary to carry out further research by keeping in view the challenges presented by it. 5G is considered a multi-system support network due to its ability to provide benefits to vertical industries.Due to the wide range of devices and applications, it is essential to provide support for massively interconnected devices. Network slicing has emerged as the key technology to meet the requirements of the communications network. In this paper, we present a review of the latest achievements of 5G network slicing by comparing the architecture of The Next Generation Mobile Network Alliance’s (NGMN’s) and 5G-PPP, using the enabling technologies software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV). We then review and discuss machine learning (ML) techniques and their integration with network slicing for beyond 5G networks and elaborate on how ML techniques can be useful for mobility prediction and resource management. Lastly, we propose the use case of network slicing based on ML techniques in a smart seaport environment, which will help to manage the resources more efficiently.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Energy Access Solutions for Rural Healthcare Facilities
Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources (HRES) microsystems, like microgrids incorporated with solar panels and battery, is identified to ensure higher and more reliable energy access in rural healthcare centres. At the same time, the adoption of Demand Side Management (DSM) in the HRES deployment in countryside healthcare facilities is reported to decrease the initial cost of installation and improve efficiency.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Framework of Efficient Energy Management System
The traditional power system is inefficient because it entirely depends on fossil fuels, and having centralized generation that is far away from consumers. In these circumstances, the generated electricity needs to be transmitted and distributed to consumers via transmission and distribution lines over long distances, spending many resources on construction, maintenance of all systems involved and high levels of technical losses. In smart grid, energy management is an indispensable for reducing energy cost of consumers while maximizing user comfort and alleviating the peak to average ratio and carbon emission under real time pricing approach.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Functionalities of Solid State Transformers
The ongoing energy transition has changed the architecture of electricity networks in ways that conventional power transformers are not able to cope with the new required functionalities. The solid state transformer (SST), which comprises state-of-the-art power electronics with galvanic isolation to interconnect two separate alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) power grids, is considered to be the dominant solution. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Segmental Switched Reluctance Motor
Due to the high robustness and control flexibility of switched reluctance motors (SRMs), segmented structures have been widely studied to expand its applications in aerospace and other industrial fields.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Modern MultiPort Converter Technologies
The integration of renewable energy sources (RES) as distributed generation units to the power grid has been accelerated by the rising demand for energy and the growing concern over the environmental effects of conventional sources. At the same time, modern electric vehicles (EV) are demonstrating a promising ability to decrease the consumption of fossil fuels. The issues related to a combination of various renewable energy sources to fulfil the load requirements can be solved by the application of multi-input–output architecture that is properly designed. In order to increase the driving range of EVs, several energy sources, including ultracapacitors and fuel cells, should be connected and operate in combination with a battery storage system. To manage these energy sources with various voltage-current characteristics, the same concept can be applied.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
ITO Electrodes
The very common electrode in the LC cells, i.e., ITO, is well known for its refractive index modulation property. In the regimes of low addressed electrostatic potential and visible optical power, it can act quite semiconducting due to the charge carriers’ redistributions with a low density in the laser beam spot. A challenge was the understanding of the sources of the SPR effect in the NLC cells; it was found that the electron-hole-pair production and subsequent transport can happen in the ITO thin layer in addition to the orientant, where the residing charge carriers in the beam spot can be effectively neutralized due to the photo-induced low conductivity. In the semiconducting operating mode of the ITO layer, a fringe electric field with its tangent element to the LC confining surfaces (equipped with ITO) was induced which results in the LC director field realignment parallel to the cell surfaces (irrespective of the sign of the dielectric anisotropy), hence the SPR effect. 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Oct 2020
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