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Topic Review
Pharmacology of Biosimilars
Testing in animals is an old routine used for new drugs to avoid serious toxicity to humans. However, biological drugs may not always show a pharmacologic response in animal species; thus, the toxicity is an extension of the pharmacological response for biological drugs. Clinical pharmacology comparisons comprise the most relevant testing to support the biosimilarity of a biosimilar candidate. When a novel drug is developed, PK/PD testing is carried out on many volunteers to understand the diversity of disposition in terms of gender, age, and genetic distribution.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ferulic Acid in Animal Models of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a high incidence in the elderly. Many preclinical studies show that a natural product, ferulic acid (FA), displays neuroprotective effects in AD models. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Lipophilic Polyamines
Gene therapy requires an effective and safe delivery vehicle for nucleic acids. Non-viral vehicles, including cationic liposomes, are intensively developed now. The structure of compounds composing them determines the delivery efficiency a lot. This review focuses on polycationic amphiphiles as prospective compounds for liposomal formulations and includes a discussion of the mutual influence of structural components. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects
Opioids are broadly used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and chronic pain. Noticeably, these analgesics have many limitations as they induce analgesic tolerance, addiction, physical dependence, respiratory depression, and various other behavioural adverse effects that often result in patient non-compliance. In addition, the actual mechanisms of opioid-induced adverse reactions over long-term use are not entirely understood. 
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
FAAH, MAGL, and DAGL in Obesity Treatment
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an integral role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and may affect hunger, caloric intake, and nutrient absorption. Obesity has been associated with higher levels of the endogenous cannabinoid transmitters (endocannabinoids). Therefore, the ECS is an important target in obesity treatment. Modulating the enzymes that synthesize and degrade endocannabinoids, namely fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), and diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL), may be a promising strategy to treat obesity.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Aripiprazole Lauroxil
Aripiprazole lauroxil is a prodrug of aripiprazole and is administered as an intramuscular injection. Once administered, aripiprazole lauroxil is first converted to N-hydroxymethyl aripiprazole by enzyme-mediated hydrolysis and is hydrolyzed again to aripiprazole. Aripiprazole was originally reported to be a partial agonist at D2and 5HT1Areceptors, with a combination of antagonistic activity at 5HT2Areceptors.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Prunella vulgaris L.
Prunella vulgaris L. (PV) is a well-known renewable drug resource full of different groups of biologically active substances with a wide range of pharmacological actions and applications in medicine.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Grimelysin and Protealysin
The entry reviews the discovery, properties, and functional activities of new bacterial enzymes, proteases grimelysin (ECP 32) of Serratia grimesii and protealysin of Serratia proteamaculans, characterized by both a highly specific “actinase” activity and their ability to stimulate bacterial invasion. Grimelysin cleaves the only one polypeptide bond Gly42-Val43 in actin. This bond is not cleaved by any other proteases and leads to a reversible loss of actin polymerization. Similar properties were characteristic for another bacterial protease, protealysin. These properties made grimelysin and protealysin a unique tool to study the functional properties of actin. Furthermore, bacteria Serratia spp. producing grimelysin/protealysin invade eukaryotic cells, and the recombinant Escherichia coli expressing the grimelysin or protealysins gene become invasive. Being an intracellular enzyme, grimelysin/protealysin can be delivered by bacteria to eukaryotic cells. These data indicate that the protease is a virulence factor, and actin can be a target for the protease upon its translocation into the host cell.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nanomaterials Aiming to Tackle Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
The most important current issue related to human health is bacterial resistance against antibiotics. Prolonged treatment using antibiotics is required in multidrug-resistant conditions, along with debridement of tissue, but in a small number of cases, the high costs of healthcare and low patient compliance prevent this treatment from succeeding. The identical features of nanomaterials make them unique candidates and boost the efficacy against multi-drug-resistant bacterial infection. Nanomaterials execute different bactericidal actions, and therefore bacteria face difficulty against therapeutics due to nanomaterial morphology such as size, shape, and surface chemistry. Nanomaterials can penetrate the bacterial membrane with unique drug cargo. Therefore, nanomaterials may be helpful for treatment by improving the therapeutic efficacy through their interaction with the bacterial cell system.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sustained Antiviral Ocular Drug Delivery
The eyes are the window to the world and the key to communication, but they are vulnerable to multitudes of ailments. More serious than is thought, corneal infection by herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) is a prevalent yet silent cause of blindness in both the paediatric and adult population, especially if immunodeficient. Globally, there are 1.5 million new cases and forty thousand visual impairment cases reported yearly. The Herpetic Eye Disease Study recommends topical antiviral as the front-line therapy for HSV keratitis. Ironically, topical eye solutions undergo rapid nasolacrimal clearance, which necessitates oral drugs but there is a catch of systemic toxicity. The hurdle of antiviral penetration to reach an effective concentration is further complicated by drugs’ poor permeability and complex layers of ocular barriers.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
FUBCs in gram negative bacteremia
Bloodstream infections still constitute an outstanding cause of in-hospital morbidity and mortality, especially among critically ill patients. Follow up blood cultures (FUBCs) are widely recommended for proper management of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp infections. On the other hand, their role is still a matter of controversy as far as Gram negative bacteremias are concerned. We revised, analyzed, and commented on the literature addressing this issue, to define the clinical settings in which the application of FUBCs could better reveal its value.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Oral siRNA Delivery for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatments
RNA interference (RNAi) therapies have significant potential for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Oral nanomedicines carrying small interfering RNA (siRNA) drugs include the following two: (1) Polyplex or lipoplex. (2) Polyplex or lipoplex embedded in hydrogels or polymeric materials
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
1-C Metabolism in AML
One-carbon (1-C) metabolism is essential for numerous cancer cell functions, including protein and nucleic acid synthesis and maintaining cellular redox balance, and inhibition of the 1-C pathway has yielded several highly active drugs, such as methotrexate and 5-FU. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Endocannabinoid Signaling Pathways
Endocannabinoids play an important role as powerful regulators of synaptic function in the central nervous system where they regulate neural functions and behaviors. As fundamental modulators of synaptic function, endocannabinoids can regulate neural functions such as cognition, motor control, pain, and feeding behavior. The interaction between endogenous or exogenous ligands and endocannabinoid receptors initiates signaling pathways.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Fungal–Fungal Co-Culture for Discovery of New Secondary Metabolites
Fungi are an important and prolific source of secondary metabolites (SMs) with diverse chemical structures and a wide array of biological properties. Fungal–fungal co-culture is the major source of new SMs and consists of two types including liquid state fermentation (LSF) and solid state fermentation (SSF). Potato dextrose broth (PDB) and rice are the most common co-culture media for fungal LSF and SSF, respectively.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
COVID 19 BIBILOGRAPHIC DRUG DISCUSSIONS
In this type of note some Probable synthetic drugs both the Non Antiviral as well as Antiviral synthetic drugs servingagainst Covid19 commonly used under trial basis are taken into discussion .Starting from Hydroxy- Chloroquine sulphateto Remdesivir just some points are discussed only but the in detail study regarding Structure , SAR , Q –SAR ,Formulations Pharmacology / Bio-logical activities are available in the following BIBILOGRAPHIC discussions
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
The combination of molecular imprinting technology with magnetic nanoparticles provides a new class of smart hybrids, i.e., magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) to overcome limitations in current cancer therapy. The application of these complexes is gaining more interest in therapy, due to their favorable properties, namely, the ability to be guided and to generate slight hyperthermia with an appropriate external magnetic field, alongside the high selectivity and loading capacity of imprinted polymers toward a template molecule. In cancer therapy, using the MMIPs as smart-drug-delivery robots can be a promising alternative to conventional direct administered chemotherapy, aiming to enhance drug accumulation/penetration into the tumors while fewer side effects on the other organs. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading matters of vision-loss globally. Even though there have been extensive efforts to reduce vision loss, the prevalence of DR is still uprising. There are several pharmacological and surgical therapies currently used in clinics, but none of them has not been used as effective therapies at the early stage of DR.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Classification of Allosteric G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Regulators
Allosteric regulation is critical for the functioning of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling pathways. Endogenous allosteric regulators of GPCRs are simple ions, various biomolecules (lipids, amino acids, polypeptides, hormonal agents, etc.), and the peptide components of GPCR signaling. According to the ability to influence the basal and orthosteric/allosteric agonist-stimulated activity, the ligands of GPCR allosteric sites can be divided into the positive (PAM), negative (NAM), and silent (SAM) allosteric modulators, the allosteric full agonists, inverse agonists and neutral antagonists, as well as the allosteric regulators with the combined activity (ago-PAM, ago-NAM). 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Treatment Advances in Sepsis and Septic Shock
Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, and it affects over 25 million people every year. Even more severe, septic shock is a subset of sepsis defined by persistent hypotension, and hospital mortality rates are higher than 40%. As new pathophysiological mechanisms have been uncovered, immunostimulatory therapy has emerged as a promising path forward. Highly investigated treatment strategies include cytokines and growth factors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and even cellular therapies.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 May 2023
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